While the Trivers – Willard hypothesis predicts that birth sex is dependent on living conditions ( i. e. more male children are born in " good " living conditions, while more female children are born in poorer living conditions ), the probability of having a child of either gender is still regarded as 50 / 50.

While the Kolmogorov – Smirnov test is usually used to test whether a given F ( x ) is the underlying probability distribution of F < sub > n </ sub >( x ), the procedure may be inverted to give confidence limits on F ( x ) itself.

While there is a real theorem that a random variable will reflect its underlying probability over a very large sample, the law of averages typically assumes that unnatural short-term " balance " must occur.

While it is possible to define some arbitrary, ad hoc cost function, frequently a particular cost will be used, either because it has desirable properties ( such as convexity ) or because it arises naturally from a particular formulation of the problem ( e. g., in a probabilistic formulation the posterior probability of the model can be used as an inverse cost ).

While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons.

Barlow and Proschan define availability of a repairable system as " the probability that the system is operating at a specified time t ." While Blanchard gives a qualitative definition of availability as " a measure of the degree of a system which is in the operable and committable state at the start of mission when the mission is called for at an unknown random point in time.

While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership ( i. e., how much a variable is in a set ), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability ( i. e., how probable do I think that a variable is in a set ).

While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent.

While measuring the spin of these entangled particles along parallel axes will always result in opposite ( i. e., perfectly anticorrelated ) results, measurement at perpendicular directions will have a 50 % chance of matching ( i. e., will have a 50 % probability of an uncorrelated result ).

While this reasoning error often can produce a relatively good approximation of the correct hypothesis probability value, it can lead to a completely wrong result and wrong conclusion in case the base rate is very low and the reliability of the test is not perfect.

While anger can activate aggression or increase its probability or intensity, it is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for aggression.

While he interpreted the beginning of the year at the vernal equinox, Arthur Anthony Macdonell 1917 stated that the twelve intercalary days " in all probability " were inserted at the winter solstice.

While the mathematical probability of an event has a value in the range from zero to one, " the odds " in favor of that same event lie between zero and infinity.

While they have useful mathematical properties, they can produce counter-intuitive results: an event with an 80 % probability of occurring is four times more likely to happen than an event with a 20 % probability, but the odds are 16 times higher on the less likely event ( 4 – 1 against, or 4 ) than on the more likely one ( 1 – 4, or 4 – 1 on, or 0. 25 ).

While there, Rabin invented the Miller-Rabin primality test, a randomized algorithm that can determine very quickly ( but with a tiny probability of error ) whether a number is prime.

While the second law of thermodynamics predicts that the entropy of an isolated system should tend to increase until it reaches equilibrium, it became apparent after the discovery of statistical mechanics that the second law is only a statistical one, suggesting that there should always be some nonzero probability that the entropy of an isolated system might spontaneously decrease ; the fluctuation theorem precisely quantifies this probability.

While there is no difference between almost surely and surely ( that is, entirely certain to happen ) in many basic probability experiments, the distinction is important in more complex cases relating to some sort of infinity.

While arguably not philosophically superior to permissible or allowable stress design, it does have the potential to produce a more consistently designed structure as each element is intended to have the same probability of failure.

While the availability heuristic is an effective strategy in many situations, when judging probability the availability heuristic can lead to systematic errors.

While in the program, students gain experiences designed to heighten not only an interest in public service but also their probability of entering into and succeeding in a career in civic leadership.

While the story is thematically similar to Candide by Voltaire — both concern young men traveling in the company of honored teachers, encountering and examining human suffering in an attempt to determine the root of happiness — their root concerns are distinctly different.

While Innes recalls encountering the phrase as the title of an old American pulp fiction crime magazine he had encountered-the phrase Death Cab for Cutie may have been coined by Richard Hoggart in his The Uses of Literacy, a 1957 book discussing British popular culture and a pioneering work in the cultural studies field.

While in the fort he only communicated with the outside world by a crevice through which food would be passed and he would say a few words.

While these plants are not sold anywhere for culinary use, their visual similarity to bay leaves has led to the oft-repeated belief that bay leaves should be removed from food after cooking because they are poisonous.

While awaiting their food at The Brown Derby, a Hollywood restaurant, Lucy ( Lucille Ball ) and Ethel ( Vivian Vance ) argue over whether a certain portrait on a nearby wall is Shelley Winters or Judy Holliday.

While food irradiation can in some cases maintain the quality ( i. e. general appearance and " inner " quality ) of certain perishable food for a longer period of time, it cannot undo spoilage that occurred prior to irradiation.

While he, Meriwether Lewis and their men were crossing the Bitterroot Mountains they ran low of food, and Clark took six hunters and hurried ahead to hunt.

While Odysseus was away praying, his men ignored the warnings of Tiresias and Circe and hunted down the sacred cattle of the sun god Helios as their food had run short.

While military forces interdict insurgents and assure security, Provincial reconstruction teams are tasked with infrastructure building, like constructing roads and bridges, assisting during floods, and providing food and water to refugees.

While fasting from dawn until sunset Muslims refrain from consuming food, drinking liquids, smoking and sexual relations ; and in some interpretations from swearing.

While his schooling was in progress, Jardine was apprenticed to a surgeon who would provide housing, food, and the essential acquaintance with a hospital practice, with the money his older brother, David, provided.

" While even pure sand, silt, or clay may be considered a soil, from the perspective of food production a loam soil with a small amount of organic material is considered ideal.

While amphibians continued to feed on fish and later insects, reptiles began exploring two new food types, tetrapods ( carnivory ), and later, plants ( herbivory ).

While other pigeons spent their time grubbing for food, Marvin Stanley Pigeon worked away on his book on the window ledge outside the Manuscript Room of the Public Library in Bryant Park.

While most of the approximately 5, 000 – 10, 000 known species feed on bacteria and other food particles in the water, some host photosynthesizing micro-organisms as endosymbionts and these alliances often produce more food and oxygen than they consume.

While in 1992, a sales value ratio of 80 % handcrafts to 20 % agricultural goods was the norm, in 2002 handcrafts amounted to 25. 4 % of fair trade sales while commodity food lines were up at 69. 4 %.

While the growth in sales of processed foods in these countries has been much more rapid than the growth in fresh food sales, the imperative nature of supermarkets to achieve economies of scale in purchasing, means that the expansion of supermarkets in these countries has important repercussions for small farmers, particularly those growing perishable crops.

While the Rotu beach was rocky had little food on-land to offer other than coconut and taro, the tribe had their own waterfall located in close vicinity to their beach.

While not independently valuable as a food source, the stingray's capacity to damage shell fishing grounds can lead to bounties being placed on their removal.

While fast food restaurants usually have a seating area in which customers can eat the food on the premises, orders are designed to be taken away, and traditional table service is rare.

While the innovations of the fast food industry gave Americans more and cheaper dining options, it has come at the price of destroying the environment, economy, and small-town communities of rural America while shielding consumers from the real costs of their convenient meal, both in terms of health and the broader impact of large-scale food production and processing on workers, animals, and land.

While the raccoon and ringtail are nocturnal, coatis are active by day, retiring during the night to a specific tree and descending at dawn to begin their daily search for food.