While the applicability of the quasispecies model to real organisms is still a matter of debate in the scientific community, some researchers believe that it accurately represents the evolution of high-mutation-rate viruses such as HIV and sometimes single genes or molecules within the genomes of other organisms.

While early efforts to employ these viruses in the therapy of cancer failed, there have been reports in 2005 and 2006 of encouraging preliminary results.

While plant viruses and bacteriophages can be grown comparatively easily, animal viruses normally require a living host animal, which complicates their study immensely.

While flip-flops do provide the wearer with some protection from hazards on the ground, such as hot sand at the beach, glass, thumb tacks or even fungi and wart-causing viruses in locker rooms or community pools, their simple design is responsible for a host of other injuries of the foot and lower leg.

While the Digital Gold Issuers employ data security experts to protect their systems, the average account holder's computer is poorly protected against malware ( trojans, worms, and viruses ) that can be used to intercept information that could be used to access the user's DGC account.

While polymorphic viruses cipher their functional code to avoid pattern recognition, such a virus will still need to decipher the code-unmodified from infection to infection-in order to execute.

" While the pandemic human influenza viruses of 1957 ( H2N2 ) and 1968 ( H3N2 ) clearly arose through reassortment between human and avian viruses, the influenza virus causing the ' Spanish flu ' in 1918 appears to be entirely derived from an avian source ".

While no other human tumor virus possesses these same genes, other tumor viruses target the same cellular pathways illustrating that at a basic level, all tumor viruses appear to attack the same cellular control pathways, so-called tumor suppressor pathways.

While trying to grow common cold viruses, he and his colleague Dr. Wallace Rowe first tried to use adenoid and tonsil tissue, before using a culture based on tumor cells.

While this article does not intend to list all plant viruses, it discusses some important viruses as well as their uses in plant molecular biology.

While the advent of polymerase chain reaction has increased the ability of clinicians to detect viruses such as enterovirus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus in the CSF, many viruses can still escape detection.

While Prometric claims that the problems were due to common viruses, this claim was disputed since these tests were not internet-based and were rather offered on local area networks within India, where the virus was pre-existent.

While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually ( without the formation and fusion of gametes ), mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation, transformation and transduction are sometimes likened to sexual reproduction.

While this remains an unsolved problem for astronomers, it does not necessarily mean that the Lambda-CDM model is completely wrong, but rather that it requires further refinement to accurately reproduce the population of galaxies in the universe.

While on the one hand most simulators will be limited from being unable to simulate much other hardware in a system, they can exercise conditions that may otherwise be hard to reproduce at will in the physical implementation, and can be the quickest way to debug and analyze problems.

While other inventors had produced devices that could record sounds, Edison's phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound.

While competing printers and their associated control languages offered some of the capabilities of PostScript, they were limited in their ability to reproduce free-form layouts ( as a desktop publishing application might produce ), use outline fonts, or offer the level of detail and control over the page layout.

While prokaryotic cyanobacteria themselves reproduce asexually through cell division, they were instrumental in priming the environment for the evolutionary development of more complex eukaryotic organisms.

While later trombonists, including Tyree Glenn, Nanton's replacement, have tried to duplicate Tricky Sam's plunger techniques, no one has been able to reproduce his legendary style.

While LFE channels originated in Dolby Stereo 70 mm film prints, they became commonplace in the 1990s and 2000s in home theater systems used to reproduce film soundtracks for DVDs and Blu-rays.

While they did not open any restaurants, they did reproduce a dozen of the most famous food items.

While some studies, including Benveniste's, have reported such an effect, double-blind replications of the experiments involved have failed to reproduce the result.

While shriekers reproduce asexually when they have fed enough, ass-blasters, slip into a coma when they eat a large amount of food.

While normal doppelgangers have their own culture and have no real need to mingle with humanoids, dread doppelgangers can only reproduce by mating with humanoids ( usually doing so as males, as a " pregnant " dread doppelgänger cannot change forms until after giving birth ) and have effectively lost their own culture.

While Pop goes to search for her sister, the other girls track down the runaway flower before it starts to reproduce.

While in Europe movable metal type soon became cheap enough to replace woodblock printing for the reproduction of text, woodcuts remained a major way to reproduce images in illustrated works of early modern European printing.

While this will positively influence the subjective appearance of that person in real life, a still photograph usually fails to reproduce these attributes, possibly rendering a picture of the person less attractive than the real-life perception and contributing to classify that person as less photogenic.

While developmental ( i. e., ontogenetic ) processes can influence subsequent evolutionary ( e. g., phylogenetic ) processes ( see evolutionary developmental biology ), individual organisms develop ( ontogeny ), while species evolve ( phylogeny ).

While Concurrent DOS continued to evolve in various flavours over the years to eventually become Multiuser DOS, it was not specifically tailored for the desktop market and too expensive for single-user applications.

While most astronomical objects evolve so slowly that changes are visible only over timescales of many years, the inner parts of the Crab show changes over timescales of only a few days.

While the Praetorian Guard was formally established under Emperor Augustus, Sejanus introduced a number of reforms which saw the unit evolve beyond a mere bodyguard into a powerful and influential branch of the government involved in public security, civil administration, and ultimately political intercession ; changes which would have a lasting impact on the course of the Principate.

While traditional music continues to evolve today, but generally as a continuation of the music from a pre-globalised culture.

* While most prototypes are developed with the expectation that they will be discarded, it is possible in some cases to evolve from prototype to working system.

While historically viewed as " junk DNA ", recent research suggests that in some rare cases both LINEs and SINEs were incorporated into novel genes, so as to evolve new functionality.

While they have a number of shared characteristics, the evolutionary requirements for giraffe-like browsing high in the trees may have caused convergent evolution, where similar traits evolve separately because they faced the same evolutionary pressure, instead of ( homologous ) traits derived from a shared ancestor.

While a student at Oxford in the 1930s, he took an interest in the work of genetic biologist Nathaniel Essex, and began experimenting with genetic manipulation, building a machine ( that he called the genetic accelerator ) with which he attempted to " evolve " the rats in his mother's London basement.

While a planetary system may enjoy a location favorable to complex life, it must also maintain that location for a span of time sufficiently long for complex life to evolve.

While some music took place quite informally in Washington Square Park, a number of clubs, such as The Bitter End and Gerde's Folk City were also central to the development of what was originally called " Folk Music " but would evolve into " Singer – songwriter " music as more and more acoustic musicians performed original material.

While the organisation's exact nature and functions – and even its name – remain unclear, it aspires to evolve along the lines followed by the continental integration efforts of the European Union, rather than becoming a mere free-trade area.

While not actually a human extinction event, this may leave only very small, very scattered human populations that would then evolve in isolation.

While demonstrating that orchids evolve mechanisms that allow for cross-fertilisation, and offering strong evidence for Darwin's larger arguments about variation, the volume also countered natural theology in what Darwin himself admitted was a " flank movement against the enemy.

While the Joseon Dynasty began under military auspices, Goreyo styles were let to evolve, and Buddhist iconography ( bamboo, orchid, plum and chrysanthemum ; and the familiar knotted goodluck symbols ) were still a part of genre paintings.

While the Joseon Dynasty began under military auspices, Goryeo styles were let to evolve, and Buddhist iconography ( bamboo, orchid, plum and chrysanthemum ; and the familiar knotted goodluck symbols ) were still a part of genre paintings.

While the honorary colonel of this usage has no actual military role, the title did evolve from the military.

While trying to decide where to assign Quinn so that he will not use his knowledge to evolve humanity overnight, Janeway and Chakotay receive a message from the Doctor that Quinn is dying after ingesting a poison.

While each of the 21 novels adds more information on the history, background and psyche of McGee, one of the more interesting aspects of the series is seeing him mature, evolve and age through the decades.

While not effective for the XB-70 project, the concept was valid and further research continued to evolve waterjet cutting.

While much of his work was later overshadowed by a younger generation of Sicilian architects, he was one of the founding architects of the style ; in particular his handling of the Baroque double staircase, which continued to evolve, in a way peculiar to Sicily, after his death.

While her character's name remained " Stacia " for the Festival performances, thereafter it became " Heidi ", and the role was modified to reflect Blickenstaff's experiences while helping to expand and evolve the show.