Whilst empiricism, and positivism more generally, locate causal relationships at the level of events, Critical Realism locates them at the level of the generative mechanism, arguing that causal relationships are irreducible to empirical constant conjunctions of David Hume's doctrine ; in other words, a constant conjunctive relationship between events is neither sufficient nor even necessary to establish a causal relationship.

Whilst this wax is held at a constant temperature, the emulsion — a mixture of the various oils and, if used, fats, is then heated separately, at around 85 ° C.

Whilst the original loan spell ended on 28 December, there was constant speculation about the player resigning for the club on loan.

Whilst Melmotte is carrying out his financial shenanigans, Paul Montague is the one person who is a thorn in his side.

Whilst with Yeovil Botham made an appearance for the Football Association XI ( a representative side for non-league footballers ) against the Northern Football League at Croft Park during the 1984-85 season.

Whilst the PGI rules state that a Cornish pasty must be a " D " shape, with crimping along the curve ( i. e., side-crimped ), crimping is variable within Cornwall, with some advocating a side crimp while others maintain that a top crimp is more authentic.

Whilst appearing very similar to the Austin engine the level of agreement between Reliant and Austin remains unclear, the Reliant side valve engine was a 747cc four cylinder unit built using smaller scale manufacturing techniques than Austin.

Whilst one side favoured shock action and had faith in the effectiveness of the sword and lance, the opposite contended that the cavalry ’ s future lay in serving as mounted infantry.

Whilst Taylor was busy sorting out the film production side of the project, Aston found some suitable sites to excavate, and gathered together a team of archaeologists to appear on the show.

Whilst doing this new work, Szpilman was permitted to go out into the Gentile side of Warsaw.

Whilst, like the other Scottish " Hydros " ( Crieff and Peebles ), it originally housed extensive spa and therapeutic bath facilities, these are all now housed in an independent modern building to its side.

Whilst the three-arch stone aqueduct was being built, a set of nine temporary locks were used to carry the canal down one side of the valley and up the other.

Whilst the Central League is for Football League reserve teams, The West Division contains a Manchester City side which uses a mix of reserve team and youth team squad players and in 2007-08 they were Central League champions.

Whilst playing for Livingston, Robertson became involved the coaching side of the game.

Whilst not of the same calibre of Streak, Goodwin, and the Flower brothers, this new breed of predominantly multi-disciplined players formed a solid backbone to a competitive, if usually unsuccessful, side.

Whilst at Liège, he was loaned out to Italian side Udinese and then in the midst of the 1989 – 90 season he was allowed to go on trial at English side Luton Town.

Whilst at Hibs, Cormack caught the eye of John Prentice who was then manager of the Scottish national side, Prentice awarded Cormack his first cap on the 25 June 1966 in a prestigious friendly with Brazil at Hampden Park, Brazil were warming up in readiness to play in the ' 66 World Cup which was to be held South of the border in England.

Whilst the Panthers form was up and down at the beginning of the season, Alexander was named as captain and fullback of the City Origin side, ahead of incumbent NSW captain Ben Elias.

Whilst the entrance on the inland side remained relatively basic, the building work created a grander impression from the estuary – any visitors to London, English or French, would have passed by Queenborough Castle on the south bank and Hadleigh on the north, the combination communicating a strong sense of royal power.

Whilst with Sunderland he spent a brief loan spell with Scottish Premier League side Celtic.

Whilst growing up Andrew attended an exclusive, academically challenging Jesuit boys ' school on the south side of Dublin.

Whilst in Year 12 Edward was selected to play for the Australian under 19s side to tour Sri Lanka.

Whilst the eastern, southern, and western faces of the clock display the conventional Roman clock-face numerals, the Roman numerals on the northern ( Oxford Street ) side of the clock have been replaced as follows: 1: D, 2: U, 3: S, 4: T, 5: H, 6: E, 7: VII, 8: E, 9: D, 10: V, 11: A, 12: R. This was done to celebrate the coronation of King Edward VII ; and, commencing at where the VIII ought to be, the northern clock-face reads E. D. V. A. R. D. U. S T. H. E VII.

Whilst playing over 70 games for the Ibrox side, he only showed glimpses of his earlier career success, and found himself yet again on the fringes of the first team.

Whilst rather charmingly built in the style of a railway station, it is not the original one which was located the other side of the Tarka Trail where an original platform still exists.

Whilst in Colombia, he also turned out for their national side in a match against Hungary.

Whilst similar to the B10L in design, both featuring a side-mounted engine, the B7L's engine was a Volvo D7C unit mounted vertically, as opposed to the horizontally-mounted Volvo DH10 / GH10 engine of the B10L ; the radiator was mounted above the engine instead of the right-hand side, allowing the rear door to be located as rearward as possible.

Whilst sharing many of the same historical roots as the Scouting movement, The Woodcraft Folk's direct antecedent was the Kindred of the Kibbo Kift, an organisation led by ex-Scout Commissioner for Woodcraft and Camping John Hargrave, who had broken with what he considered to be the Scouts ' militaristic approach in the years immediately after the First World War.

Whilst the Revenue were pressing Poulson for payment of this amount, he was himself presiding over debt hearings in Wakefield in his role as a Commissioner of Inland Revenue.

Whilst with Armament Design, Beeching worked under the Department's Superintendent and Chief Engineer, Sir Frank Smith, a former Chief Engineer with Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ).

Whilst the only professional player to play for Corinthian after playing professional football was Fred Spiksley, the England and Sheffield Wednesday footballer, who played his very last match for Corinthian in 1907.

Whilst heavier armour provides better protection, it makes vehicles less mobile ( for a given engine power ), limits its air-transportability, increases cost, uses more fuel and may limit the places it can go-for example, many bridges may be unable to support the weight of a main battle tank.

Whilst providing a projected image, the technique has limited resolution ( 2-2. 5 nm ), due to both quantum mechanical effects and lateral variation in electron velocity.

Whilst William and Mary accepted limits on royal power, under the Bill of Rights ( a contract between themselves and the English parliament ), Scotland had an equivalent document in the Claim of Rights.

Whilst municipal law is hierarchical or vertical in its structure ( meaning that a legislature enacts binding legislation ), international law is horizontal in nature.

Whilst in Vienna, working to aid refugees from Nazi Germany, Philby met and fell in love with Litzi Friedmann ( born Alice Kohlmann ), a young Austrian Communist of Hungarian Jewish origins.

Whilst Schwitters still created work in an expressionist style into 1919 ( and would continue to paint realist pictures up to his death in 1948 ), the first abstract collages, influenced in particular by recent works by Hans Arp, would appear in late 1918, which Schwitters dubbed Merz after a fragment of found text from the sentence Commerz Und Privatbank in his picture Das Merzbild, Winter 1918 – 19.

Whilst this was dubious in terms of batting technique, it seemed the best way to cope with the barrage, and Bradman averaged 56. 57 in the series ( an excellent average for most, but well short of his career average of 99. 94 ), while being struck above the waist by the ball only once.

Whilst some MUVs might be replicas of European MPVs ( such as the European Ford Fusion ) or American-style minivans ( like the Toyota Innova ), in some cases MUVs are similar to SUVs ( such as the Chevrolet Tavera ).

Whilst Anglican priests who are members of religious orders must remain celibate ( although there are exceptions, such as priests in the Anglican Order of Cistercians ), the secular clergy – ( bishops, priests, and deacons who are not members of religious orders ) – are permitted to marry before or after ordination.

Whilst Indonesian is spoken as a mother tongue by only a small proportion of Indonesia's large population ( i. e. mainly those who reside within the vicinity of Jakarta and other large predominantly Indonesian-speaking cities such as Medan and Balikpapan ), over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language, with varying degrees of proficiency.

Whilst working at the Institute, Childe took up residence at Lawn Road Flats near to Hampstead, an apartment block perhaps recommended to him by the popular crime fiction author Agatha Christie ( the wife of his colleague Max Mallowan ), who had lived there during the Second World War.

Whilst Pakistan now has its own statute, the Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980 ( Ordinance XLII of 1980 ), it also follows English case law.

Whilst at his prep school in Sussex ( 1911-1916 ), Wells had been a favourite author of Eric Blair / Orwell.

Whilst flextrack is available for both EM and P4 gauges ( from manufacturers such as C & L Finescale, SMP and The P4 Track Company ), ready-to-run ( RTR ) point and crossing ( P & C ) work is not available, so this trackwork must be constructed by the modeller.

Whilst in 1801 there were 51 barges registered as trading on the river ( 21 of which worked the river above Lewes ), the navigation was never a huge commercial success.

Whilst there was the option of giving the HRH style to Diana, Princess of Wales, in her personal capacity ( which could be justified, given that she was the mother of a future king ), it was decided not to give her the style ; also there may have been a special ruling from The Queen allowing for Diana, Princess of Wales to be known as The Dowager Princess of Wales if and when Charles, Prince of Wales remarried as he later did.

Whilst changing planes in Miami after closing down a Mexican heroin smuggling operation, British Secret Service operative, James Bond is asked by Junius Du Pont, a rich American businessman ( whom he briefly met and gambled with in Casino Royale ), to watch Auric Goldfinger, with whom Du Pont is playing Canasta in order to discover if he is cheating.

Whilst driving through the Australian Outback ( on their way to Mr. Smith ), Charlie and Louis inadvertently run over a red kangaroo, and seemingly killing it.

Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licenses for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists ( many rickshaw drivers are renowned for over-charging non-locals and foreign tourists ) and to reduce traffic congestion ( e. g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10kmh and is wide enough to fill an entire traffic or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion ), and have been banned in many cities already.

Whilst once it was very prevalent, especially its smaller cgs variant the gram-calorie ( cal ), defined so that the specific heat of water would be 1 cal /( K · g ), in most fields the use of the calorie is now archaic.

Whilst maintaining its strengths in the traditional subjects ( for example more students studying languages and physical sciences than anywhere else in the UK ), Leeds has also developed expertise in more distinctive and rare specialist areas such as Colour Chemistry, Fire Science, Nanotechnology and Aviation Technology with Pilot studies.

Whilst there are regions of the body that will forever require flexible endoscopes ( principally the gastrointestinal tract ), the rigid rod-lens endoscopes have such exceptional performance that they are to this day the instrument of choice and in reality have been the enabling factor in modern key-hole surgery.

Whilst trait-based personality theory assume that high-level competencies like initiative, creativity, and leadership can be assessed using “ internally consistent ” measures ( see psychometrics ), the McClelland measures recognize that such competencies are difficult and demanding activities which will neither be developed nor displayed unless people are undertaking activities they care about ( i. e. are strongly motivated to undertake ).