The Cathbuaid, Columba's crozier or staff, has been lost but the 8th-century Breccbennach or Monymusk Reliquary shown here, which held relics of Columba, is known to have been carried into battle from the reign of King William I of Scotland | William I onwards.

Some, such as Lord Herbert of Cherbury and William Wollaston, held that souls exist, survive death, and in the afterlife are rewarded or punished by God for their behavior in life.

Because the 16th Earl held land from the Crown by knight service, after his father's death on 3 August 1562, Oxford became a royal ward of the 29-year-old Queen, and was placed in the household of Sir William Cecil, her Secretary of State and chief advisor.

The first, the ' little tin idol ', was used from the inception of the Cup in 1871 – 72 until it was stolen from a Birmingham shoe shop window belonging to William Shillcock while held by Aston Villa on 11 September 1895, and was never seen again.

Fort William is the home of the Scottish Six Day Motorcycle Trial ( SSDT ), held annually in the first full week of May.

In a celebration of mountains and the culture that surrounds them, and in recognition of the importance of climbing and walking tourism to the town, the Fort William Mountain Film Festival is held there each year.

Towards the end of the century Prime Ministers of Scottish descent included the Tory, Peelite and Liberal William E. Gladstone, who held the office four times between 1868 and 1894.

Jetsprinting as an organised sport originated in New Zealand in 1981, and events were originally held in the same natural braided rivers that had inspired Sir William Hamilton to develop the jetboat, but when the sport was introduced to Australia in the mid-1980s permanent artificial courses were used — and this is now the norm even in New Zealand.

Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty.

After his death, his brother-in-law William of Thuringia ( 1425 to 1482 ) held ( or at least claimed ) it from 1457 to 1469.

As William Gibbons writes, " Pastor Thomas also mentioned that the two pygmies mimicked the cry of the animal as it was being attacked and speared ... Later, a victory feast was held, during which parts of the animal were cooked and eaten.

William Albright held a more favorable view towards the traditional views regarding Moses, and accepted the essence of the biblical story, as narrated between Exodus 1: 8 and Deuteronomy 34: 12, but recognized the impact that centuries of oral and written transmission have had on the account, causing it to acquire layers of accretions.

A series of critical academic books and articles, however, held in check any appreciable growth of anti-Stratfordism and Oxfordism, most notably The Shakespeare Ciphers Examined ( 1957 ), by William and Elizebeth Friedman, The Poacher from Stratford ( 1958 ), by Frank Wadsworth, Shakespeare and His Betters ( 1958 ), by Reginald Churchill, The Shakespeare Claimants ( 1962 ), by H. N. Gibson, and Shakespeare and His Rivals: A Casebook on the Authorship Controversy ( 1962 ), by George L. McMichael and Edgar M. Glenn.

William Cave wrote, "... the Sabbath or Saturday ( for so the word sabbatum is constantly used in the writings of the fathers, when speaking of it as it relates to Christians ) was held by them in great veneration, and especially in the Eastern parts honoured with all the public solemnities of religion.

Gruffydd is also said to have persuaded his father to annex the lordship of Cemais and its chief castle of Nevern, held by William FitzMartin, in 1191.

In 1113, Stephen was granted both the title and the honour, although without the lands previously held by William in England.

Stephen announced the Treaty of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral: he recognised Henry FitzEmpress as his adopted son and successor, in return for Henry doing homage to him ; Stephen promised to listen to Henry's advice, but retained all his royal powers ; Stephen's remaining son, William, would do homage to Henry and renounce his claim to the throne, in exchange for promises of the security of his lands ; key royal castles would be held on Henry's behalf by guarantors whilst Stephen would have access to Henry's castles ; and the numerous foreign mercenaries would be demobilised and sent home.

Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design.

In the extreme south of the Lizard was the royal manor of Winnianton which was held by King William I at the time of Domesday Book ( 1086 ) and was also the head manor of the hundred of Kerrier.

In late 1839, the Whigs held their first national convention and nominated William Henry Harrison as their presidential candidate.

In 1831, William A. Palmer was elected governor of Vermont on an Anti-Masonic ticket, an office he held until 1836.

In the 1050s and early 1060s William became a contender for the throne of England, then held by his childless relative Edward the Confessor.

The town held out for 18 days, and after it fell to William he built a castle to secure his control.

Roger was a Norman, son of William fitzOsbern, but had inherited less authority than his father held.

she also went to Washington and appealed to Senator George William Norris of Nebraska, the Fighting Liberal, from whose office a sympathetic but cautious harrumphing was heard.

On January 28, 1835, Andrew Jackson removed Pope from office and elevated Territorial Secretary William S. Fulton to the position.

* 1911 – United States Senate leaders agree to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the Senate among leading candidates to fill the vacancy left by William P. Frye's death.

* 1911 – Following the resignation and death of William P. Frye, a compromise is reached to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the United States Senate.

The office of Lord High Admiral passed a number of times in and out of commission until 1709, after which the office was almost permanently in commission ( the last Lord High Admiral being the future King William IV in the early 19th century ).

1990s architects such as William McDonough and Ken Yeang applied environmentally responsible building design to large commercial buildings, such as office buildings, making them largely self-sufficient in energy production.

He defeated William Randolph Hearst in the 1906 election to gain the position, and he was the only Republican statewide candidate to win office.

( The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover.

Sir William McKell ( 1947 – 53 ) was knighted during his term of office, but all the other governors-general until 1989 were already either peers or knights ; the only Australian peer was Lord Casey ( 1965 – 69 ).

In 1947, Labor appointed a second Australian Governor-General, William McKell, who was in office as the Labor Premier of New South Wales.

Bogart resumed his friendship with boyhood pal Bill Brady, Jr. whose father had show business connections, and eventually Bogart got an office job working for William A. Brady Sr .' s new company World Films.

He was much employed by Bismarck in the writing of official despatches, and stood high in the favour of King William, whom he often accompanied on his journeys as representative of the foreign office.

Previously, William and Harry's affairs had been handled by the office of their father at Clarence House in central London.

William Zeckendorf ( shown here in the office redesigned by his architectural team ) hired Pei after ordering a search for what he called " the greatest unknown architect in the country ".

Contemporaneously, conservative Republicans in office and in the media such as William F. Buckley, Jr. and George Will felt Dan Quayle should be ousted in favor of Kemp.

Hay's highest office was serving as United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.

Van Buren was voted out of office after four years, losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.

After six years under Sylvester, he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of William P. Van Ness, a political lieutenant of Aaron Burr.

* 1871 – In North Carolina, William Woods Holden becomes the first governor of a U. S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.

Abraham Lincoln, William Howard Taft and Barack Obama were accused of being atheists during election campaigns, while others to hold the office used faith as a defining aspect of their campaigns and tenure.

By defeating William Lyon Mackenzie King in the 1930 federal election, he had the misfortune of taking office during the Great Depression.

On October 8, 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William Sawyer and was therefore invalid.

When William Henry Harrison died in office, a debate arose over whether the Vice President would become President, or if he would just inherit the powers, thus becoming an Acting President.