With the possible exception of gravitation, these interactions can usually be described in a set of calculational approximation methods known as perturbation theory, as being mediated by the exchange of gauge bosons between particles.

With the advent of metrication, standard gauge was redefined as 1, 435 mm, a reduction of 0. 1 mm, but well within existing tolerance limits.

With the arrival of the standard gauge, the CM & RDT saw the chance to greatly expand their operation.

With a growing demand on the amount of measurements taken the psychrometer is now replaced by a dewpoint gauge known as a dewcheck.

With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown.

With the change of gauge, NSB took the opportunity to change the route several places.

With the exception of the short section between Bewdley North and Bewdley South signal boxes on the Severn Valley Railway, the GCR is currently the only standard gauge heritage railway in the UK with double track outside of stations.

With the emergence of iron ore traffic, this railway may be rebuilt in whole or in part, possibly as standard gauge.

With so many years of absence from the market, Gilbert American Flyer S gauge trains were no longer considered a direct competitor to Lionel's 1: 48 proportion O gauge trains.

With the revival of urban rail transport, in some cities metre gauge light metros were established, while in other cities metre gauge was replaced by standard gauge.

With a length of 1, 170m ( 0. 73 mi ), the bridge has two 3. 5m ( 11 ft 6 in ) wide road lanes, two 1. 5m ( 4 ft 11 in ) wide footpaths and a single gauge railway line in the middle, straddling the narrow central reservation.

With the extension of broad gauge railway track to the Siliguri Junction station, people can now travel directly to the heart of the city without having to alight at New Jalpaiguri.

With the gauge conversion of 1878, it became easier to transfer passengers and freight from the branch line to Christchurch-although passengers still had to change trains at Rangiora from the Waipara train to the branch train.

With the acquisition of the northern standard gauge lines in 1854 came 56 locomotives, a second workshop at Wolverhampton, and Joseph Armstrong.

With a total track length of, it was the longest narrow gauge railway system in North America.

With the purchase of the American Flyer line in 1937 by the A. C. Gilbert Company, a new line of 3 / 16th scale O gauge trains moved into production phasing out the Zephyrs and previous O-gauge products collectively known as " Chicago Flyer ".

With an extra heavy gauge steel body handmade at Carrozzeria Padane in Modena, Italy, and from 1972 at Carrozzeria Saturn in Cavallermaggiore, near Torino, Italy, and greater than 19 feet long, the production Blackhawk used Pontiac Grand Prix running gear, Pontiac's 7. 5 L ( 455 in³ ) V8 engine, and a GM TH400 3-speed automatic transmission.

With railways, a break-of-gauge occurs where a line of one gauge meets a line of a different gauge.

Once the standard gauge from Port Pirie to Broken Hill was built, the narrow gauge from Terowie was converted to broad gauge to Peterborough,. With completion of the Broken Hill Port Pirie Line i. e. narrow to standard, it left a short section of naraow gauge between Peterborough and Terowie, this was converted to broad gauge and Peterborough became the change of gauge station for Broken Hill Adelaide express.

With the advent of the railways, and later of motorized transport, animal based transport systems declined on the island.

With steam engines, it was possible to construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the industrial revolution.

With competition from the railways having taken a large share of traffic in the second half of the 19th century, improvements in roads and vehicle technology in the early part of the 20th century meant that the lorry was also becoming a threat to the canals.

With these limits removed anyone could invest money ( and hopefully earn a return ) on a new company and railways were heavily promoted as a foolproof venture.

With the opening of the railways, ranchers began to settle in the county.

With the advent of the railways and the ensuing suburbanisation in the late 19th century, Walthamstow experienced a large growth in population and speculative building.

With the coming of the railways building began apace, although the area is still composed of many disconnected settlements, interspersed with area of open ground and parks.

With the establishment of Gunning's Linen Weaving Mill, the expansion of the Wellbrook linen finishing estate, the establishment of Adair's weaving mill at Greenvale and the final arrival of the railways, Cookstown's population quadrupled between 1820 and 1840.

With access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Warrior and Alabama Rivers, two major railways ( Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Norfolk Southern ), Interstate 22, and the recent addition of BAE Systems, the city is hoping for economic growth.

With the help of a friendly judge, who was also the attorney for the Blue Ridge Railroad, a local man named Henry Smith had the junction of the two railways moved so that it was adjacent to this property.

With the decline of the lumbering industry in the early 1900s, railways that had been used to transport lumber were transformed to passenger lines to bring outdoorsmen to fish, hunt, and experience the beauty of the " north country.

With railways as the primary mode of passenger transport, sleeper cars vary from economical to First Class AC ( air conditioned ).

With access to the Columbia River, Interstate 5 and the west coast railways, Kelso supports a large and rapidly diversifying manufacturing base.

With the coming of the railways, the proprietors sought to lease the canal to a railway company in 1860.

With the arrival of the railways, river trade declined.

With the coming of the railways, the state of the river declined, so that is was unsuitable either for navigation or for drainage.

With most homes equipped with oil or gas central heating and the railways long since converted to diesel and electricity, the only remaining significant sector of Britain's national infrastructure that was still reliant upon coal was the electrical generation industry under the Central Electricity Generating Board.

With the development of railways and the increase in trade between Cape Colony and the Transvaal, politicians in both places began to debate forming a closer relationship.

With the majority of railways on both sides of the Great Belt thus owned by the Danish state, it was not until October 1, 1885 that the companies of Jutland / Funen and Zealand merged into one national railway company, De danske Statsbaner ( The Danish State Railways ), the merger being finalised on April 1, 1893.

With both the Gyeongbu Expressway and Korail's Gyeongbu Line congested, the government saw the need to develop railways.

With the introduction of the first turnpike road in 1727 and the development of canals and later the railways came a big increase in population.

With the arrival of railways in the 19th century, industries such as engineering and clothing grew up.

With the changes taking place on Britain's railways in the 1990s, the outlook changed for preserved diesel locomotives.