Without going as far as epilepsy, after exposure to stroboscopic light the victims feel dizzy, disorientated and debilitated.

In 1878 his novel, Uden Midtpunkt (" Without a Centre "), recast later in dramatic form, attracted great attention by its exposure of contemporary failings.

Without light metering equipment or sure emulsion speeds, exposure times required inspired guesswork, between five seconds and twenty minutes depending on light conditions.

Chapter 17 of William Bates ' 1920 book Perfect Sight Without Glasses, in which the author argues that observation of the sun is beneficial to those with poor vision, includes a figure of somebody " Focussing the Rays of the Sun Upon the Eye of a Patient by Means of a Burning Glass.

Written by in 1816 — the " Year Without Summer " caused by atmospheric volcanic ash from the Mount Tambora eruption in the Dutch East Indies – " Darkness " depicts a world grown dark and cold because the sun has been extinguished.

Without the sun, no life could exist, just as life cannot exist without some degree of aché.

Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the autumnal ( autumn / fall ) and vernal ( spring ) equinoxes, the moments when the sun passes over the equator.

Without mentioning the speculations which had been made, he asked Newton what would be the curve described by a planet round the sun on the assumption that the sun's force diminished as the square of the distance.

Without it, the sun would disappear from the heavens.

In 1943 an abridged version was published under the title Better Eyesight Without Glasses, which removed some of the most controversial points, such as the claim that " perfectly remembering black " is a suitable substitute for anaesthesia, and recommendations to look at the sun.

Without a sighted companion, Cherry managed to overcome his extreme myopia by navigating using the faint gleam of the sun.

That year was known as the Year Without a Summer-this is because Mount Tambora had erupted in the Dutch East Indies the previous year, casting enough ash in to the atmosphere to block out the sun and cause abnormal weather across much of north-east America and northern Europe.

Without their best general and his veterans, the French suffered a series of defeats and it was not until Bonaparte returned to become First Consul that France once again held a position of strength on mainland Europe.

Without proper strength and flexibility, throwers can become extremely injury prone, especially in the shoulder and elbow.

Without the strength of its figureheads, the original electronic body music faded by the mid-1990s.

" Without the symbiote, Kasady attempts to re-assume the Carnage persona by costuming himself in red paint and continuing his killing sprees, claiming that he still possesses at least some of Carnage's strength and convinced that he only needs to kill Spider-Man and Venom to regain his symbiote, but Spider-Man nevertheless easily defeats him in a fight.

Without chastity there can be no spiritual strength.

Without any absorbed energy, Shaw is merely a strong ordinary human in excellent physical condition, but regularly works to keep his strength at a superhuman level.

Without American backing, the United Kingdom, with its strength exhausted by six years of war, was unable to take any military actions in that part of Europe.

Without Bure, the Canucks managed to make the 1996 playoffs on the strength of an offence led by Linden and Mogilny, but were defeated in six games of the opening round by the Colorado Avalanche, who went on to win the Stanley Cup.

Without doing so, it is possible that an outer wall could become unstable if the load exceeds the strength of the material used, potentially leading to the collapse of the structure.

Without the proper equipment and enhancements, Gil will be no match for Druaga's brutal destructive strength.

" Without Joe and his solid strength ...

Without foreign support, Jacqueline was unable to resist the full strength of Burgundy, and she was compelled to surrender the administration of her territories to Philip.

Without a regular schedule of games, neither the number of wins nor winning percentage necessarily indicates team strength, much less identifies the best team or a credible champion.

Without the scholarship, his family could not afford to send him to Cambridge but with typical resilience, Rivers did not dwell on the disappointment.

" Without these questions there is no clear fulcrum on which to balance law, politics, and the practice of arbitration — in fact, no common assumptions of all participants — so the ability to formulate the questions are prior to rights balancing.

( Without proofreading error rates are a thousandfold higher ; because many viruses rely on DNA and RNA polymerases that lack proofreading ability, they experience higher mutation rates.

Without reverse transcriptase, the viral genome would not be able to incorporate into the host cell, resulting in the failure of the ability to replicate.

Without it, the levels would become increasingly crooked and extend outside the depth of focus of available lithography, interfering with the ability to pattern.

Without en passant, a pawn could simply march past squares guarded by opposing pawns ; en passant preserves the restrictive ability of pawns that have reached the fifth rank.

Without the ability to swap genes with its pair, it is racking up with mutations and may stop functioning in 10 million years.

Without sufficient overpressure, the blimp loses its ability to be steered and top speed is degraded.

Without the all-important cabaret card he was unable to play in any New York venue where liquor was served, and this severely restricted his ability to perform for several crucial years.

Without the ability to travel away to far off mountains, inhabitants of Chang ' an simply held their feasts at the tops of pagodas or in the Serpentine River Park.

Without an understanding of microbiology, early bakers would have had little ability to directly control yeast cultures, but still kept locally interesting cultures by reusing doughs and starters to leaven later batches.

Without the ability of CMP to remove the copper coating in a planar and uniform fashion, and without the ability of the CMP process to stop repeatably at the copper-insulator interface, this technology would not be realizable.

Without deregulation in the railway industry permitting abandonment or sale of a railway line, or even the ability to set prices to match those of trucks, both CNR and CPR paid dearly for owning these inefficient lines.

Without necessarily receiving great remuneration ( pay differentials under Zhivkov were within the 5: 1 range, with the overwhelming majority of salaries being within the 3: 1 range ), Party members and DS informers received very significant perquisites which involved access to accommodation, luxury imported goods, hard currency, the ability to travel abroad, superior medical and dental treatment and unhindered entry to higher education for their children.

Without Louis XVI's ability to keep the nobles in " constant attendance ", it became impossible for him to monitor and reverse the growing anti-royalist sentiment .< ref > Price, Munro.

Without any ability to moderate comments, users will spontaneously moderate their peers through posting their own comments about others ' comments.

Without the ability to top off the launch vehicle, the launch would have to be scrubbed when problems slowed down the countdown.

Without the opportunity to reach a larger audience in earlier time slots and achieve greater revenues, the show had limited ability to offset the residuals and music clearances required by the many performers appearing on the show.

* Without its ability to reproduce, a female animal effectively has a zero risk of pregnancy complications, such as spotting and false pregnancies, the latter of which can occur in more than 50 % of unspayed female dogs.

Without the ability to stimulate Hemostasis the risk of hemorrhaging is great.

Without having the ability to closely examine and feel the note due to it being sealed inside the slab, many collectors are not comfortable accepting the opinion of others as to the grade and may either elect not to purchase the note or to cut it out of the slab for examination.

" Without the ability to do so, legislatures cannot create " sentencing systems that are consistent with, and indeed may help to advance, the Constitution's greater fairness goals.

Without the ability to cast spells, Damsels with this item are effectively taking up points while doing nothing.

“ Without artistic prejudices ,” Fiske Kimball observed, “ he was a man of ability, honesty and simplicity, who devoted himself to efficient administration .”

Without augmentation a slotted waveguide is not as efficient as a parabolic reflector, lacking an ability to focus in the vertical plane, but is much more durable and is less expensive to construct.