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Yuan kept a tight grip on the command of the army after its establishment by installing officials only loyal to him ; however, after his death in 1916, the army groups were quickly fragmented into four major forces of combative warlords, according to the locations of garrisons.
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Yuan and kept
It has also been claimed that, in the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan enjoyed ice cream and kept it a royal secret until Marco Polo visited China and took the technique of making ice cream to Italy.
During his three years of effective exile, Yuan kept contact with his close allies, including Duan Qirui, who reported to him regularly about army proceedings.
As a direct descendant of Kublai Khan ( r. 1260-1294 ), Mandukhai had him ascend to the throne at the Royal shrine kept by the Chakhar and he became known by the title " Dayan Khan " ( meaning the " Great Khan of the Great Yuan ", from 大元可汗 ), although one of the editors of chronicle in the 17th century mis-interpreted the meaning of Dayan of Dayan Khan as " whole " instead of the " Great Yuan ").
Yuan Xie and Yuan Cheng kept his death secret until his body could be returned to Luoyang, and then announced his death.
Yuan Shu sent his cousin to replace Zhou Shang as Administer of Dangyang and kept him and Zhou Yu in Shouchun ( present-day Shou County, Anhui ).
Xiahou Yuan kept his role in logistic management until the end of the Battle of Jiangling, in which Cao Cao ceded southern Jing Province to the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei.
He and fellow scholar-bureaucrat Yuan Zhen made plans to retire together as Taoist recluses once they had saved enough funds, but Yuan's death kept that dream from being fulfilled.
The Yuan Dynasty was expelled from China by the new Ming Dynasty in 1368 and King Gongmin kept pro-Ming policies.
In the 14th century, in Jiangnan, South China, under Mongol rule by the Yuan dynasty, Kong Qi kept a diary of his view of some families as practicing gynarchy, defined by Smith as " the creation of short-term family structures dominated by women " and not as matrilineal or matriarchal.
On some of those visits, Yuan kept journal entries, representative of which is the You Guilin zhu shan ji (" Record of tours of the mountains of Guilin ").
Esen Buqa sent tributes to Ayurbarwada in 1312 and 1313, but the Yuan court's attempts to restrict trade between the two states kept tensions high.
The martial prowess of the young warrior greatly impressed Ding Yuan, who made him Chief Secretary and kept him close at side.
For example, during the rule of the Great Yuan Dynasty a world map was created and is currently kept in South Korea.
Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen made a " Green Mountain pact " to retire together as Taoist recluses once they had accumulated enough funds, but Yuan's untimely death kept them from achieving that dream.
After Yuan Shao took over Ji Province, he kept the territory for himself, which infuriated Gongsun Zan, and stripped Han Fu off his rank.
Esen Buqa sent tribute to the Yuan court in 1312 and 1313, but Yuan attempts to restrict trade between the two states kept tensions high.
Yuan and grip
When Yuan pulled off his presidential coup, Li was viewed as a potential threat and confined in Beijing where he became a passive bystander under Yuan's grip.
Yuan and on
The Executive Yuan approved Arbor Day in the spirit of Dr. Sun that year and has since been celebrated on March 12 for this purpose.
In China, performances of Hamlet often have political significance: Gu Wuwei's 1916 The Usurper of State Power, an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth, was an attack on Yuan Shikai's attempt to overthrow the republic.
His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another hajj was stymied by the Sultan, who asked him instead to become his ambassador to Yuan Dynasty China.
Kaohsiung was upgraded to a special municipality on July 1, 1979, by the Executive Yuan, which approved this proposal on November 19, 1978.
After the fall of the Northern Song dynasty, and during the reign of the Jin ( Jurchen ) and Yuan ( Mongol ) dynasties in northern China, a common speech developed based on the dialects of the North China Plain around the capital, a language referred to as Old Mandarin.
From at least the Yuan dynasty, plays that recounted the subversive tales of China's Robin Hoods to the Ming dynasty novels such as Water Margin, on down to the Qing dynasty novel Dream of the Red Chamber and beyond, there developed a literature in written vernacular Chinese ( 白話 / 白话 ; báihuà ).
Foreign powers came to recognize Yuan's power as well: when Japan came to China with 21 demands, it was Yuan that submitted to them, on 25 May 1915.
Yuan ruled as a dictator, remolding the constitution as he saw fit ; warlords withdrew from the Republic, ruling through military control ; and Chiang based his political power on military power.
* 1274 – November 20 – The Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ; after capturing outlying islands, the Yuan forces are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.
* Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty in China ; from then on it becomes his base of power and the capital of a new dynasty he will establish in 1368, the Ming Dynasty.
* August 30 – October 4 – the Battle of Lake Poyang is fought between the Dahan rebel forces of Chen Youliang and the Red Turban Rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang on Lake Poyang, during the final decade of Yuan Dynasty control over China.
* November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ( 30, 000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea ); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.
With the news of Emperor Yang's murder by his general Yuwen Huaji ( d. 619 ), on June 18, 618, Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang.
Attacked on all sides, Yuan Shu was defeated and fled into hiding.
Lü Bu's men deserted him, Yuan Shu's forces never arrived as reinforcements, and he was bound by his own subordinates Song Xian and Wei Xu and executed on Cao Cao's order.
He collaborated with Liu Bei on this effort, but Cao Cao soon found out about the plot and had Dong Cheng and his conspirators executed, with only Liu Bei surviving and fleeing to join Yuan Shao in the north.
" Angler on a Wintry Lake ," painted in 1195 by Ma Yuan ( painter ) | Ma Yuan, featuring the oldest known depiction of a fishing reel, although the oldest description of a fishing reel in China dates to the 3rd century AD
The earliest known depiction of a fishing reel comes from a Southern Song ( 1127 – 1279 ) painting done in 1195 by Ma Yuan ( c. 1160 – 1225 ) called " Angler on a Wintry Lake ," showing a man sitting on a small sampan boat while casting out his fishing line.
Later on during the Western Jin Dynasty, it was a Xiongnu noble from Hetao, Liu Yuan, who established the Han Zhao kingdom in the region, thereby beginning the Sixteen Kingdoms period that saw the disintegration of northern China under a variety of Han and non-Han ( including Xiongnu and Xianbei ) regimes.
Thus from then on until 1635, Inner Mongolia was the political and cultural center of the Mongols during the Northern Yuan Dynasty.
In the Battle of Yamen on the Pearl River Delta in 1279, the Yuan army, led by the general Zhang Hongfan, finally crushed the Song resistance.
Yuan and command
The ill and weakened Song soldiers were no match for the Yuan troops in close combat, and the chaotic environment made battle command impossible.
Yuan Shao was in control of the lands north of the Yellow River, namely the Hebei region, and had large and powerful armies under his command.
Yuan Shao's attempt to reinforce Liu was repulsed by Yu Jin, whom Cao Cao had left in command of his troops at Yan Ford.
According to Yu Huan's Weilüe, although Xiahou Yuan was the overall in command of the defense force of Hanzhong, Liu Bei was really more worried about Zhang He.
In 215, Xu Huang was tasked with defending Hanzhong's communication line, Mamingge ( 馬鳴閣 ), under the command of Xiahou Yuan to halt the advances of Liu Bei's army.
During the Battle of Xiangyang, Sun Jian was put in command of an army on Yuan Shu's orders to assault Liu Biao in Jing Province.
Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, then in command of the palace guards, saw that they could no longer control their forces, which had been so intimidated by the stronger Liang Province forces that they were not following orders, fled the capital.
After Xiahou Yuan was killed at Battle of Mount Dingjun in 219 at the hands of Shu general, Huang Zhong, most of his troops were placed under the command of Zhang He upon advice from Guo Huai, while his private militia and guards were succeeded by his five sons.
After only two days of new influence over the administration, they were crushed by Chinese troops under Yuan Shih-kai's command.
Yuan later divided Ju's command into three hands: Ju, Guo Tao, and Chunyu were appointed military commanders.
The commission is also authorized to command a government prosecuting attorney, to unilaterally utilize the disaster reserve funds from the Executive Yuan, and to override court verdicts.
Yuan had been given command in 1895 of the brigade-sized New Created Army.
On that same day Yuan Shikai was ordered to take command of the forces at Wuchang.
The absorption of the forces of Yuan Shao, Cao Cao's main rival in the north, led to a structural transformation in the military command.
Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, then in command of the palace guards, saw that they could no longer control their forces, which had been so intimidated by the stronger Liang Province forces that they were not following orders, fled the capital.
The Yuan army under the command of Temur Buka was defeated, and sent for reinforcements.
Eight coalition warlords, namely, Wang Kuang, Qiao Mao, Bao Xin, Yuan Yi, Kong Rong, Zhang Yang, Tao Qian, and Gongsun Zan, each led their forces towards Hulao Pass under Yuan Shao's command.
In the twelfth lunar month of 1284, the second Yuan invasion of Đại Việt was launched under the command of Kublai Khan's prince Toghan.
( It was said that the capitulation was advocated by Yuan, who wanted to relieve Pei of his military command.
According to Sakya's monastic succession records, in April 1323, the third year of the Zhizhi ( 至治 ) era in the reign of Emperor Yingzong of Yuan, 52 year old Duke Ying received an imperial command to commit suicide at Hexi ( 河西 ) ( modern day Zhangye in Gansu Province.
Surprised by the answer, Kaidu sent a command to him, but soon had to turn east to meet the Yuan.
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