A simple set of cards was developed, originally called Zener cards ( after their designer )-now called ESP cards.

The pioneering work in this field was done by Stueckelberg, Landau, and Zener in the 1930s, in their work on what is now known as the Landau – Zener transition.

The device was named after Clarence Zener, who discovered this electrical property.

The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span, and was used to control the output voltage of the Zener standard, due to temperature fluctuation, to within a few parts per million.

More refined black boxes placed a diode in parallel with the resistor to provide a larger DC pulse to activate the F relay than if only a resistor was used, or replaced the resistor with a 36 V Zener diode which regulated the voltage drop across the telephone to a level where the D relay would not activate, regardless of the length of the local loop.

On the other hand, in the previous case, the output voltage was depending on the power supply, while now it is defined by the Zener diodes ( which could also be replaced with a single double-anode Zener diode ).

Clarence Melvin Zener ( December 1, 1905 – July 15, 1993 ) was the American physicist who first described the property concerning the breakdown of electrical insulators.

These findings were later exploited by Bell Labs in the development of the Zener diode, which was duly named after him.

Zener was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and earned his PhD in physics under Edwin Kemble at Harvard in 1929.

A notable doctoral student of Zener's was John B. Goodenough and Arthur S. Nowick held a postdoctoral appointment under Zener.

Zener was known both for his dislike of experimental work and for preferring to work on practical problems within the arena of applied physics, in which he was very insightful.

Pearce was tested ( using Zener cards ) by Pratt, who shuffled and recorded the order of the cards in the parapsychology lab 100 yards from where Pearce was sitting in a campus library cubicle.

* Clarence Zener, the American physicist after whom the diode, effect and pinning are named

The flow of electrons is always from anode to cathode outside of the cell or device, regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode, with the exception of diodes, where electrode naming always assumes current in the forward direction ( that of the arrow symbol ), i. e., electrons flow in the opposite direction, even when the diode reverse-conducts either by accident ( breakdown of a normal diode ) or by design ( breakdown of a Zener diode, photo-current of a photodiode or solar cell ).

: These are actually a JFET with the gate shorted to the source, and function like a two-terminal current-limiter analog to the Zener diode, which is limiting voltage.

Under the guidance of psychologist William McDougall, and with the help of others in the department — including psychologists Karl Zener, Joseph B. Rhine, and Louisa E. Rhine — laboratory ESP experiments using volunteer subjects from the undergraduate student body began.

Rhine, along with associate Karl Zener, had developed a statistical system of testing for ESP that involved subjects guessing what symbol, out of five possible symbols, would appear when going through a special deck of cards designed for this purpose.

Zener card sZener cards are cards marked with five distinctive symbols.

Zener diode shown with typical packages.

Vacuum flasks have been used to house standard cells, and ovenized Zener diodes, along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage regulating devices used as electrical standards.

A thyristor is used in conjunction with a Zener diode attached to its gate, and when the output voltage of the supply rises above the Zener voltage, the thyristor will conduct, then short-circuit the power supply output to ground ( and in general blowing an upstream fuse ).

Finally it is occasionally made microadjustable by adding a low value pot in series with the Zener ; this allows a little voltage adjustment, but degrades regulation.

* ECE 327: Procedures for Voltage Regulators Lab — Gives schematics, explanations, and analyses for Zener shunt regulator, series regulator, feedback series regulator, feedback series regulator with current limiting, and feedback series regulator with current foldback.

Perceptual psychologist Karl Zener ( 1903-1964 ) designed the cards in the early 1930s for experiments conducted with his colleague, parapsychologist J.

As with other ESP tests, experiments with Zener cards have used elaborate methods to keep the subject from seeing the cards or the experimenter, sometimes placing the subject in a separate room.

In Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ), ( as a reference to Zener cards ) a young Anakin Skywalker, in an interview with the Jedi Council, had to perceive ( in a clairvoyance-like test ) a device that projected images on a monitor held by Yoda, in order to examine the power and control of Anakin's Force-wielding abilities.

Temperature dependence can be compensated using the circuit of Figure 6 that includes a standard diode D ( of the same semiconductor material as the transistor ) in series with the Zener diode as shown in the image on the left.

An advantage to using a transorb over just one diode is that it will protect against over voltage with both polarities if, connected to ground, forcing the voltage to stay between the confines of the breakdown voltages of the Zener diodes.

This effect is called the Zener effect after the man who estimated this drag force to

To aid him, Vattic releases the test subjects, referred to as the " Zener children ", who were the basis of Grienko's original research.

Zener card s used in the early twentieth century for experimental research into ESP.

Early parapsychological research employed the use of Zener cards in experiments designed to test for the existence of telepathy | telepathic communication.

His calculations were based on the improbability of these few subjects guessing the Zener cards shown to a partner by chance.

Note electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current ( that of the arrow, in which the current flows " most easily "), even for types such as Zener diodes or solar cells where the current of interest is the reverse current.

The terms anode and cathode should not be applied to a Zener diode, since it allows flow in either direction, depending on the polarity of the applied potential ( i. e. voltage ).

Note: electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current ( that of the arrow, in which the current flows " most easily "), even for types such as Zener diodes or solar cells where the current of interest is the reverse current.

Like a typical diode, there is a fixed anode and cathode in a Zener diode, but it will conduct current in the reverse direction ( electrons from anode to cathode ) if its breakdown voltage or " Zener voltage " is exceeded.

Clairvoyance experiments involving Zener cards currently exist on the Internet.

These are electrically very similar to Zener diodes, and are often mistakenly called Zener diodes, but break down by a different mechanism, the avalanche effect.

The difference between the avalanche diode ( which has a reverse breakdown above about 6. 2 V ) and the Zener is that the channel length of the former exceeds the mean free path of the electrons, so there are collisions between them on the way out.

This effect, called Zener breakdown, occurs at a precisely defined voltage, allowing the diode to be used as a precision voltage reference.

In practical voltage reference circuits, Zener and switching diodes are connected in series and opposite directions to balance the temperature coefficient to near-zero.

The Zener diode is named for Dr. Clarence Melvin Zener of Carnegie Mellon University, inventor of the device.

* BZ-series silicon Zener diodes ( e. g.: BZY88C4V7 4. 7V Zener diode )