An American-Chinese-Hong Kong-Taiwanese co-production, the film was directed by Ang Lee and featured an international cast of ethnic Chinese actors, including Chow Yun-Fat, Michelle Yeoh, Zhang Ziyi, and Chang Chen.

The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses was collated by Zhang Zhongjing sometime between 196 and 220 CE, at the end of the Han dynasty.

After releasing Chiang and returning to Nanjing with him, Zhang was placed under house arrest and the generals who had assisted him were executed.

The title was briefly revived from 12 December 1915 to 22 March 1916 by President Yuan Shikai and again in early July 1917 when General Zhang Xun attempted to restore last Qing emperor Puyi to the throne.

The model of an egg was often used by Chinese astronomers like Zhang Heng ( 78-139 AD ) to describe the heavens as spherical:

During the Han dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, who was mayor of Changsha near the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to the Neijing Suwen.

Early reference to the Chinese export of ivory is recorded after the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian ventured to the west to form alliances to enable for the eventual free movement of Chinese goods to the west ; as early as the first century BC, ivory was moved along the Northern Silk Road for consumption by western nations.

The new area was led by Allison Mankin and Scott Bradner, and had a directorate with 15 engineers from diverse backgrounds for direction-setting and preliminary document review: The working-group members were J. Allard ( Microsoft ), Steve Bellovin ( AT & T ), Jim Bound ( Digital Equipment Corporation ), Ross Callon ( Wellfleet ), Brian Carpenter ( CERN ), Dave Clark ( MIT ), John Curran ( NEARNET ), Steve Deering ( Xerox ), Dino Farinacci ( Cisco ), Paul Francis ( NTT ), Eric Fleischmann ( Boeing ), Mark Knopper ( Ameritech ), Greg Minshall ( Novell ), Rob Ullmann ( Lotus ), and Lixia Zhang ( Xerox ).

General Zhang Fakui ( Chang Fa-kuei ), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Viet Nam Cach Menh Dong Minh Hoi meaning " Viet Nam Revolutionary League " in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims.

General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.

Tan was plotting to overthrow Governor Zhang and his pro-Japanese administration, and Mao aided him by organizing the students of Changsha.

In contrast, Zhang Zai presented a vitalistic Dao that was the fundamental component or effect of ch ' i, the motive energy behind life and the world.

Zhang Heng (; AD 78 – 139 ) was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar from Nanyang, Henan.

When Bao De was recalled to the capital in 111, to serve as a minister of finance, Zhang continued his literary work at home in Xi ' e.

In 112, Zhang was summoned to the court of Emperor An of Han ( r. 106 – 125 ), who had heard of Zhang's expertise in mathematics.

When he was nominated to serve at the capital, Zhang was escorted by carriage — a symbol of his official status — to Luoyang, where he became a court gentleman working for the Imperial Secretariat.

As Chief Astronomer, Zhang was a subordinate of the Minister of Ceremonies, the latter one of Nine Ministers ranked just below the Three Excellencies.

In addition to recording heavenly observations and portents, preparing the calendar, and reporting which days were auspicious or not, Zhang was also in charge of an advanced literacy test for all candidates of the Imperial Secretariat and Censorate ( who were expected to know at least 9, 000 Chinese characters and all major writing styles ).

As Chief Astronomer, Zhang Heng earned a fixed salary and rank of 600 bushels of grain ( which was mostly commuted to payments in Chinese coins | coinage currency or bolts of silk ), and so he would have worn a specified type of robe, ridden in a specified type of carriage, and held a unique emblem that marked his status in the official hierarchy.

However, Zhang was barred from assisting the committee due to his controversial views on apocrypha and his objection to the relegation of Emperor Gengshi's ( r. 23 – 25 ) role in the restoration of the Han Dynasty as lesser than Emperor Guangwu's.

Despite this setback in his official career, Zhang was reappointed as Chief Astronomer in 126 after Emperor Shun of Han ( r. 125 – 144 ) ascended to the throne.

Zhang fantasized about her in his " Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mystery " ( 思玄賦 ), yet the pleasures of the flesh and immortality that she could offer were not tempting enough to sway his heart which was set elsewhere.

Zhang's work was similar to Ban's, although the latter fully praised the contemporaneous Eastern Han regime while Zhang provided a warning that it could suffer the same fate as the Western Han if it too declined into a state of decadence and moral depravity.

Wang Chong also accurately described the water cycle in meteorology, and argued against the mainstream ' radiating influence ' theory for solar eclipses, the latter of which was accepted by many, including Zhang Heng.

In ancient China, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the Warring States ( 481 – 221 BC ), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou ( Canal of the Wild Geese ), which according to the ancient historian Sima Qian connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei.

On December 12, Zhang and several other Nationalist generals kidnapped Chiang for two weeks in what is known as the Xi ' an Incident.

In the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures, Zhang Pu ( 1602 – 1641 ) described the game of laying out dominoes as pupai, although the character for pu had changed, yet retained the same pronunciation.

Zhang received many posthumous honors for his scholarship and ingenuity, and is considered a polymath by some scholars.

Under Emperor An, Zhang also served as Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages under the Ministry of Guards, in charge of the reception of memorials ( containing policy and administrative suggestions ) submitted to the throne as well as nominees for official appointments.

Liu Zhen and Liu Taotu were Zhang's only historian allies at court, and after their deaths Zhang had no further opportunities for promotion to the prestigious post of court historian.

While working for the central court, Zhang Heng had access to a variety of written materials located in the Archives of the Eastern Pavilion.

In his poetry, Zhang Heng expressed his affinity for gracious and commendable women.

* Zhang Sixun of China uses for the first time liquid mercury ( element ) instead of water to power the escapement mechanism rotating an armillary sphere, since liquid mercury does not freeze easily like water during winter, and does not rust metal parts

* Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer for determining the exact cardinal direction of earthquakes hundreds of miles away ; the device employs a series of complex gears around a central swinging pendulum.

* Zhang Hong, minister for Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms ( d. 212 )

* Zhang Sixun, a Chinese astronomer and engineer, employs the use of liquid mercury in order for the escapement mechanism of his astronomical clock to function and for metal parts not to rust by using hydraulics ( water ) or to freeze in winter.

Lü Bu fled to Zhang Yang, a northern warlord, and remained with him for a time before briefly joining Yuan Shao, but it was clear that Lü Bu was far too independent to serve another.

Although the use of the graduated scale and grid reference for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of Pei Xiu ( 224 – 271 CE ), there is evidence that in the early 2nd century CE, cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps.

Zhang Qian taking leave from emperor Han Wudi, for his expedition to Central Asia from 138 to 126 BC, Mogao Caves mural, 618 – 712 AD.

* Liu Bei takes Yi Province ( 益州 ) from his clansman Liu Zhang, forming the later basis for Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.

* Zhang Zhongjing, one of the most famous Chinese physicians during Han Dynasty

Two of China's most famous poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, belonged to this age, as did many famous painters such as Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, and Zhou Fang.

One of China's most important playwrights and directors of the late twentieth century, Zhang Guangtian, has argued that during the Cultural Revolution, the innovations that were encouraged in the Peking Opera — which primarily involved “ the formalism and style of simplification and concision ”— led it into one of its greatest periods.

Around the time of World War I, Zhang Zuolin established himself as a powerful warlord with influence over most of Manchuria.

Nankai Middle School was founded by Yan Xiu, a prominent scholar and philanthropist, and headed by Zhang Boling, one of the most important Chinese educators of the 20th century.

As the Northern Xiongnu, the masters of the Mongolian steppes and mortal enemy of the Han Dynasty, were still potent enough during the reigns of Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhang and Emperor He ( 58 – 105 ) to keep the volatile alliance intact, the Eastern Han dynasty enjoyed the most prosperous years of its almost 200 years of existence.

Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, and Cheng Pu remained loyal ; in fact it was mentioned in Romance of the Three Kingdoms that Sun Ce had at his deathbed reminded Sun Quan that " in internal matters, consult Zhang Zhao, in external matters, consult Zhou Yu.

The Imperial Government could not call in the support of most of China's armies, who were under the command of these pro western Governors like Zhang Zhidong and Li Hongzhang.

In China the names Wang, Zhang and Li are the most common.

The Qing Dynasty continued to maintain a viceroy of Huguang, however ; one of the most famous was Zhang Zhidong, whose modernizing reforms made Hubei ( especially Wuhan ) into a prosperous center of commerce and industry.

Today, Chinese readers and general public are most acquainted with Jin Yong's version of Zhang Sanfeng, thanks to the popularity of his Wuxia novels.

Zhang Ailing, Lu Yin, Shi Pingmei and Ding Ling, were four of the most influential feminist writers of the time.

In 1367, Zhu's forces defeated Zhang Shicheng's Kingdom of Dazhou, which was centered in Suzhou and had previously included most of the Yangtze River Delta and the Song Dynasty's capital city of Hangzhou.

A boy called Wei () and belonging to the Zhang () familycurrently China's most common single nameis called " Zhang Wei " and not " Wei Zhang " ( unless he's travelling abroad ).

The most complete description of the rules of Liubo occurs in a quotation from the lost Book of Ancient Bo ( 古博經 ) in a commentary by Zhang Zhan ( 張湛 ) to the Book of Liezi that was written during the Jin Dynasty ( 265 – 420 ):

To this day, group learning remains the most popular learning method throughout the bulk of China ( Zhang 554-555 ).

Zhongli Quan () is one of the most ancient of the Eight Immortals ( some others say the oldest is Iron-Crutch Li or Elder Zhang Guo, or Lü Dongbin ) and the leader of the group.

Guan Yu and Zhang Fei followed Liu Bei most of the time wherever he went and protected him from danger regardless of how perilous the situation was.

Ten of the most powerful eunuchs formed a group known as the Ten Attendants, and the emperor referred to one of them ( Zhang Rang ) as his " foster father ".

Because of its plan for a new beginning, the Taoist sect of Zhang Jue ( also known as Zhang Jiao ) was to prove the Han Dynasty's most dangerous enemy.