Although the names are old, this opposition is a modern western-influenced development popularized by Martin Haug in the 1880s, and was in effect a realignment of the precepts of Zurvanism ( Zurvanite Zoroastrianism ), which had invented a third deity, Zurvan, in order to explain a mention of twinship ( Yasna 30. 3 ) between the moral and immoral.

* Zurvanism: By late Achaemenid times, Zoroastrianism was also evident as Zurvanism ( Zurvanite Zoroastrianism ), a monist dualism that had a following as late as the Sassanid era.

Zurvanism is also known as Zurvanite Zoroastrianism.

Consequent discussions of Christian Gnosticism included pre-Christian religious beliefs and spiritual practices argued to be common to early Christianity, Hellenistic Judaism, Greco-Roman mystery religions, Zoroastrianism ( especially Zurvanism ), and Neoplatonism.

During the Sassanid Empire, a heretical form of Zoroastrianism, termed Zurvanism, emerged.

Zurvanism is a now-extinct branch of Zoroastrianism that had the divinity Zurvan as its First Principle ( primordial creator deity ).

Ascent and acceptance below ), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was a branch of greater Zoroastrianism ( Boyce 1957: 157-304 ); that the doctrine of Zurvan was a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts ( Zaehner, 1955, intro ; See development of the " twin brother " doctrine below ); and that this doctrine was probably introduced during the second half of the Achaemenid era ( Henning, 1951 ; loc.

Although Sassanid era Zurvanism was certainly influenced by Hellenic philosophy, whether Zoroastrian Zurvan was an adaptation of an antecedent or alien divinity of Time ( Greek Chronos ) has not been conclusively established.

Zurvanism revokes Zoroaster's original message of Ahura Mazda as the uncreated God, and the " uncreated creator " of all, and reduces him to a created deity, one of two twin sons of Zurvan, their father and the primary deity.

Although Zurvanism had died out by the 10th century the critical question of the " twin brothers " mentioned in Yasna 30. 3 remained, and Haug's explanation provided a convenient defence against Christian missionaries who disparaged the Parsis ( Indian Zoroastrians ) for their ' dualism '.

Under the reign of Shapur I, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult.

Zurvanism also makes Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu of equal strength and only contrasting divinities.

Other than Zurvanism, the Sassanian kings demonstrated their devotion to Ahura Mazda in other fashions.

Following Haug, the Bombay Parsis began to defend themselves in the English language press ; the argument being that Angra Mainyu was not Mazda's binary opposite, but his subordinate, who — as in Zurvanism also — chose to be evil.

In Zurvanism, Zurvan is the god of infinite time ( and space ) and is aka (“ one ", " alone ”) deity of matter.

Zurvanism enjoyed royal sanction during the Sassanid era ( 226-651 CE ) but no traces of it remain beyond the 10th century.

Perhaps somewhat analogous to original Zoroastrian doctrine, Zurvanism in its various forms starting in the third century C. E.

One of the earliest may be in the Zurvanite branch of Zoroastrianism.

Non-Zoroastrian accounts of typically Zurvanite beliefs were the first traces of Zoroastrianism to reach the west, leading European scholars to conclude that Zoroastrianism was a monist religion, an issue of much controversy among both scholars and contemporary practitioners of the faith.

The central Zurvanite belief made Ahura Mazda the middle god and Angra Mainyu the fallen twin brother.

Mongols were also exposed to Zoroastrianism ( Qormusta Tengri is still worshipped ), Manicheism, Nestorianism, Islam and Catholicism from the west.

There are monist pantheists and panentheists in Zoroastrianism, Hinduism ( particularly in Advaita and Vishistadvaita ), Judaism ( monistic panentheism is especially found in Kabbalah and Hasidic philosophy ), and in Islam ( among the Sufis, especially the Bektashi ).

The religions of Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism ( Vedic religion and Vedanta ), Jainism and Buddhism develop.

Ahura Mazda ( Persian: اهورا مزدا ; Ahura Mazdā ), ( also known as Athura Mazda, Athuramazda, Aramazd, Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hourmazd, Hormazd, Hurmuz, and Azzandara ) is the Avestan name for a divinity of the Old Iranian religion who was proclaimed the uncreated God by Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism.

Religious minorities include followers of various sects of Sunni Islam, Mystic Islam, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity ( including the adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East, Armenian Apostolic Church, Roman Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Iranian Protestant churches like Jama ' at-e Rabbani ( Assemblies of God ), Armenian Evangelical Church, Armenian Brotherhood Church, Russian Orthodox Church, and the Presbyterian Church ) and some from the Bahá ' í Faith.

The finishing of Haoma in Zoroastrianism may be glimpsed from the Avesta ( particularly in the Hōm Yast, Yasna 9 ), and Avestan language * hauma also survived as middle Persian hōm.

Nietzsche achieves all of this through the character of Zarathustra ( referring to the traditional prophet of Zoroastrianism ), who makes speeches on philosophic topics as he moves along a loose plotline marking his development and the reception of his ideas.

A uni-directional view of causality is present in some monotheistic views of the world with a beginning and an end and a single great force with a single end ( e. g., Christianity and Islam ), while a cyclic worldview of causality is present in religious traditions which are cyclic and seasonal and wherein events and experiences recur in systematic patterns ( e. g., Zoroastrianism, Mithraism and Hinduism ).

Righteousness ( also called rectitude ) is an important theological concept in Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism ( dharma ), and Zoroastrianism.

Among the listed alphabets, Bassa Vah is compared to include Armenian, Coptic ( used by Egyptian Coptics and Coptic Church ), Avestan used in Ancient Persia to write sacred hymns of Zoroastrianism, Georgian language in Republic of Georgia, Mongolian, Meroitic alphabet of ancient Sudan and parts of Nile Valley, and many other ancient scripts, Greek-based and Cyrillic alphabets.

* Mary Boyce ( 1920 – 2006 ), British scholar of Iranian languages, and an authority on Zoroastrianism

Zoroaster, the prophet of Zoroastrianism, was born in the Balkh area ( northern Afghanistan and Transoxania ), and was possibly Bactrian ( the partial ancestors of the Tajiks ).

* Pir ( Zoroastrianism ), a site in Persia, frequently one of the Zoroastrian faith

" Before Islamization of the region, the inhabitants of Khorasan had mostly practiced Zoroastrianism but at different stages there were also various adherents of Manichaeism, Sun worshippers ( Mithraism ), Nestorianism, Paganism, Shamanism, Buddhism and a small number of Jews too.

During the reign of the Sassanids ( third to seventh century CE ), and under the influence of Zoroastrianism, water in art grew increasingly important.

By the Hellenic Parthian era ( 250 BCE – 226 CE ), Zoroastrianism had in fact two kinds of places of worship: One, apparently called bagin or ayazan, sanctuaries dedicated to a specific divinity, constructed in honor of the patron saint / angel of an individual or family and included an icon or effigy of the honored.

Following the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah ( 636 CE ) and the Battle of Nihawānd ( 642 CE ), both of which were instrumental to the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and state-sponsored Zoroastrianism, most fire temples in Greater Iran were either destroyed or converted into mosques.

He was also a proper adherent of the Mazdean religion ( Zoroastrianism ), diversions from which had cost Kavadh his throne and freedom.

While Manichaeism was spreading, existing religions such as Christianity and Zoroastrianism were gaining social and political influence.

Examples of such belief systems include Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and possibly Gnosticism.

Until the first centuries after Christ, the dominant religion in the region was Zoroastrianism, but Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Christianity also attracted large numbers of followers.

However another reason for why this may be is that, in Manichaeism, the religions of Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Buddhism were in fact deviations of the true religion that Mani taught and in a way they were the same religion, hence making it easier to identify the cosmological figures of Mani with the cosmological figures of Zoroastrianism.

Manichaeism ’ s origin is related to Zoroastrianism ; that is why Bogomilism is sometimes indirectly connected to Zoroastrianism in the sense of its duality.

" In the Hephthalite dominion Buddism was predominant but there was also a religious sediment of Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Nestorian Christianity.

* Iranian religions ( not listed below due to overlaps ) originated in Iran and include Zoroastrianism, Yazdânism, Ahl-e Haqq and historical traditions of Gnosticism ( Mandaeism, Manichaeism ).

Their religion ranged from Tengrism, Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism to Islam.

Mazdak was the chief representative of a religious and philosophical teaching called Mazdakism, which he viewed as a reformed and purified version of Zoroastrianism, although his teaching has been argued to display influences from Manichaeism as well.

Like both Zoroastrianism ( at least as practiced at time ) and Manichaeism, Mazdakism had a dualistic cosmology and worldview.

He all but destroyed Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism in China, and his persecution of the growing Nestorian Christian churches sent Chinese Christianity into a decline from which it never recovered.

After his death, with the help of his uncle Emperor Xuānzong, Buddhism was able to recover from the persecution ; but Christianity, Manichaeism, and Zoroastrianism never again played as significant a role in Chinese religious life.