The most common phase transition to ice I < sub > h </ sub > occurs when liquid water is cooled below (, ) at standard atmospheric pressure.

Solid carbon dioxide has no liquid phase at normal atmospheric pressure, and sublimes directly from the solid to vapor phase at a temperature of-78. 5 ° C (- 109. 3 ° F ), and is effective for maintaining products at low temperatures during sublimation.

In May 1992, Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis was held between 150 and 250 km, until the fuel ran out and atmospheric entry destroyed the spacecraft the following August.

There exists a link between sudden stratospheric warmings and the quasi-biennial oscillation: If the QBO is in its easterly ( westward ) phase, the atmospheric waveguide is modified in such a way that upward-propagating Rossby waves are focused on the polar vortex, intensifying their interaction with the mean flow.

Latent heat is associated with changes of state, measured at constant temperature, especially the phase changes of atmospheric water vapor, mostly vaporization and condensation, whereas sensible heat directly affects the temperature of the atmosphere.

Latent heat is associated with the phase changes of atmospheric water vapour, mostly vaporization and condensation, whereas sensible heat is energy transferred that affects the temperature of the atmosphere.

where is the optical phase error introduced by atmospheric turbulence, R ( k ) is a 2 dimensional square array of independent random complex numbers which have a Gaussian

For a defense system, decoys and chaff for ICBMs would mainly work in mid-course: during the boost phase they would be inside the rocket, because separate rockets for each of many decoys would not be practical, while at atmospheric reentry light decoys and chaff considerably slow down and / or are destroyed in the atmosphere.

Three are vertical takeoff horizontal landing ( VTHL ) vehicles relying upon rocket lift for the ascent phase in reaching space and atmospheric lift for reentry, descent and landing.

Because suborbital spaceplanes are designed for trajectories that do not reach orbital speed, they do not need the kinds of thermal protection orbital spacecraft required during the hypersonic phase of atmospheric reentry.

While all spaceplanes have used atmospheric lift for the reentry phase, none to date have succeeded in a design that relies on aerodynamic lift for the ascent phase in reaching space ( excluding a mother ship first stage ).

Twelve days after the first magmatic eruptions of June 3, on June 15, 1991, by about 22: 30, and about nine hours after the onset of the most recent climactic phase, atmospheric pressure waves had decreased to the pre-eruption levels.

The London and Croydon Railway had been partially operated by the atmospheric principle between Croydon and Forest Hill, as the first phase of a scheme to use this mode of operation between London and Epsom.

His doctoral thesis was titled, Amplitude and phase changes in the seasonal atmospheric CO2 cycle in the Northern Hemisphere.

Therefore, the phase curve may constrain other planetary properties, such as the particle size distribution of the atmospheric particles.

For the first baroclinic mode in the ocean, a typical phase speed would be about 2. 8 m / s, causing an equatorial Kelvin wave to take 2 months to cross the Pacific Ocean between New Guinea and South America ; for higher ocean and atmospheric modes, the phase speeds are comparable to fluid flow speeds.

Much of the LIM PDO predictability arises from ENSO and the global trend rather than extra-tropical processes and is thus limited to ~ 4 season, the prediction is consistent with the seasonal footprinting mechanism < ref name =" Vimont 2003 "> in which an optimal SST structure evolve into the ENSO mature phase 6 – 10 months later that subsequently impact the North Pacific Ocean SST via the atmospheric bridge.

The OGW acts like a lightning rod, providing a low resistance path to ground thus protecting the phase conductors from atmospheric static discharges.

Although the array is capable of operating both day and night, most of the observations take place at nighttime when the atmospheric phase stability is best.

The high elevation site was chosen to minimize millimeter wave absorption and phase decoherence by atmospheric water vapor.

Two albums released in 1996 closed the first phase of the band's career-a set of ambient dance reworkings of Flowermouth material called Flowermix and a compilation of the band's more ambient and atmospheric One Little Indian-era B-sides and rarities called Heaven Taste.

Original estimates had the orbit lasting for 2, 000 years, but it was discovered that solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag during high levels of solar activity produced significant perturbations in the perigee height of the satellite, which caused a significant decrease in its expected lifetime to only about 240 years.

Original estimates had the orbit lasting for 2000 years, but it was discovered that solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag during high levels of solar activity produced significant perturbations in the perigee height of the satellite, which caused a significant decrease in its expected lifetime to only about 240 years.

The remaining manuscripts included papers on atmospheric refraction from 1755, on the motion of Mars as affected by the perturbations of Jupiter and the Earth ( 1756 ), and on terrestrial magnetism ( 1760 and 1762 ).

There is a ' chicken and egg ' question: are the perturbations seen in atmospheric CO < sub > 2 </ sub > concentrations forced by the vigour of the deep ocean currents, or vice versa?

Whether by coagulation or radiation pressure, once the particles are at this lower atmospheric level cloud seeding can begin, permitting precipitation to wash the smoke aerosol out of the atmosphere by the wet deposition mechanism.

Beginning in February 1831, Turner came to believe that certain atmospheric conditions were to be interpreted as a sign that he should begin preparing for a rebellion against the slave owners.

The album track " Night Boat " was a spooky, atmospheric piece to begin with, and the video became a mini-horror film shot on the Caribbean island of Antigua.

Depending on the aerodynamic design of the vehicle and various ambient atmospheric conditions, a train would begin to exhibit transonic airflow in the vicinity of Mach 0. 8 ( 988 km / h ) and higher.

Waugh held, or affected to hold that while the dangers of smoking ( especially passive smoking ) and drinking were exaggerated, the dangers of hamburger eating were seriously under-reported ; he frequently referred to " hamburger gases " as a serious form of atmospheric pollution and even made references to the dangers of " passive hamburger eating ".

The controversial proposal is being taken seriously by scientists because Professor Crutzen has a proven track record in atmospheric research.

Total inorganic carbon is not believed to limit primary production in the oceans, so its increasing availability in the ocean does not directly affect production ( the situation on land is different, since enhanced atmospheric levels of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > essentially " fertilize " land plant growth ).

However, one must note both Katsufumi and the authors of Posture, Locomotion, and Paleoecology of Pterosaurs based their research on the now outdated theories of pterosaurs being seabird-like, and the size limit doesn't apply to terrestrial pterosaurs like azhdarchids and tapejarids Furthermore, Darren Naish concluded that atmospheric differences between the present and the Mesozoic weren't needed for the giant size of pterosaurs.

Other methods can achieve resolving power exceeding the limit imposed by atmospheric seeing, such as speckle imaging, aperture synthesis, lucky imaging, and space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope.

A related problem is that siphons have a maximum height ( for water siphons at standard atmospheric pressure, about 10 meters ), as this is the limit to how high atmospheric pressure will push the water, but the chain model has no such limit – or rather is instead limited by how strong the links are ( above a certain height, the chain links could not support the weight of the hanging chain and the links would snap ), corresponding to tensile strength of the liquid, which is not the cause of maximum height in siphons.

Hyperventilation of atmospheric air at atmospheric pressures does not cause oxygen toxicity, because sea-level air a has a partial pressure of oxygen ( pp ) of and the lower limit for toxicity is more than.

Locations that are frequently cloudy or suffer from atmospheric turbulence limit the resolution of observations.

To further distill the residual oil from the atmospheric distillation column, the distillation must be performed at absolute pressures as low as 10 to 40 mmHg ( also referred to as Torr ) so as to limit the operating temperature to less than 370 to 380 ° C.

Proving troublesome at its designed speed of 900 rpm ( throwing bearings and running rough ), when Bouton increased the revs, the problems vanished ; in trials, it hit an unheard of 3500 rpm, and was usually run at 2, 000 rpm, a limit imposed by its atmospheric valves and surface carburettor.

It has been reported that approximately 40-50 % of Earth ’ s ice-free land surface has been heavily transformed or degraded by anthropogenic activities, 66 % of marine fisheries are either overexploited or at their limit, atmospheric CO < sub > 2 </ sub > has increased more than 30 % since the advent of industrialization, and nearly 25 % of Earth ’ s bird species have gone extinct in the last two thousand years.

While carbon sequestration is a potentially important way to limit atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations in the long term, the use of phytoliths to achieve this must be balanced against other uses that might be made of the same biomass carbon ( or land for producing biomass ) to reduce GHG emissions by other means including, for example, the production of bioenergy to offset fossil fuel emissions.