; Alpha and beta testing

* Trends in diversity of structure follow trends in species diversity ; alpha and beta species diversities decrease from favorable to extreme environments.

Centaurus contains several very bright stars because of its position in the Milky Way ; in addition, its alpha and beta stars are used to find the constellation Crux.

The first carbon atom after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon ; the second, beta carbon, the third, gamma carbon, etc.

Geiger detectors are still used as a general purpose alpha / beta portable Radioactive contamination measurement and detection instrument, owing to their relatively low cost, their robustness and their relatively high detection efficiency ; particularly with high energy beta particles.

Uses include its application as a vector for the cloning of recombinant DNA ; the use of its site-specific recombinase ( int ) for the shuffling of cloned DNAs by the gateway method ; and the application of its Red operon, including the proteins Red alpha ( also called ' exo '), beta and gamma in the DNA engineering method called recombineering.

Also of relevance is what causes the perception of motion ; a psychological effect identified as beta movement.

The remaining ~ 11 % is released in beta decays which have various half-lives, but begin as a process in the fission products immediately ; and in delayed gamma emissions associated with these beta decays.

Instead, bombarding < sup > 238 </ sup > U with slow neutrons causes it to absorb them ( becoming < sup > 239 </ sup > U ) and decay by beta emission to < sup > 239 </ sup > Np which then decays again by the same process to < sup > 239 </ sup > Pu ; that process is used to manufacture < sup > 239 </ sup > Pu in breeder reactors.

The alpha form is the only known example of a simple cubic crystal structure in a single atom basis, with an edge length of 335. 2 picometers ; the beta form is rhombohedral.

Neutrinos are produced in beta decay in addition to beta particles ; they interact with matter only very weakly.

Polonium-210 is especially problematic ; lead-210 beta decays to bismuth-210 which then beta decays to polonium-210, an intense emitter of alpha particles.

The beta phase is hard and brittle ; its crystal symmetry is tetragonal ( space group P42 / mnm, a

Ytterbium has three allotropes labeled by the Greek letters alpha, beta and gamma ; their transformation temperatures are − 13 ° C and 795 ° C.

The beta decay of Pu-241 forms Am-241 ; the in-growth of americium is likely to be a greater problem than the decay of Pu-239 and Pu-240 as the americium is a gamma emitter ( increasing external-exposure to workers ) and is an alpha emitter which can cause the generation of heat.

As tritium decays, it emits beta particles ; these strike the phosphor, causing the phosphor to give off photons, much like the cathode ray tube in a television.

Proline acts as a structural disruptor in the middle of regular secondary structure elements such as alpha helices and beta sheets ; however, proline is commonly found as the first residue of an alpha helix and also in the edge strands of beta sheets.

They are inappropriate for Type 1 diabetics as they increase the beta cell output of insulin which is normally missing in Type 1 diabetics due to beta cell destruction ; there is no insulin production to be increased.

The stronger of two acids will have a higher K < sub > a </ sub > than the weaker acid ; the ratio of hydrogen ions to acid will be higher for the stronger acid as the stronger acid has a greater tendency to lose its proton.

Note that this pressure increase is more than a simple 10: 1 compression ratio would indicate ; this is because the gas is not only compressed, but the work done to compress the gas has also heated the gas and the hotter gas will have a greater pressure even if the volume had not changed.

Apollonius of Perga, in On Determinate Section, dealt with problems in a manner that may be called an analytic geometry of one dimension ; with the question of finding points on a line that were in a ratio to the others.

The terminal lactiferous ducts drain the milk from TDLUs into 4 – 18 lactiferous ducts, which drain to the nipple ; the milk-glands-to-fat ratio is 2: 1 in a lactating woman, and 1: 1 in a non-lactating woman.

) The tissue composition ratios of the breast likewise vary among women ; some breasts have greater proportions of glandular tissue than of adipose or connective tissues, and vice versa ; therefore the fat-to-connective-tissue ratio determines the density ( firmness ) of the breast.

The morphologic variations in the size, shape, volume, tissue density, pectoral locale, and spacing of the breasts determine their natural shape, appearance, and configuration upon the chest of a woman ; yet such features do not indicate its mammary-gland composition ( fat-to-milk-gland ratio ), nor the potential for nursing an infant child.

A lower water to concrete ratio will yield a stronger, more durable concrete ; while more water will give a freer-flowing concrete with a higher slump.

* Refractory Concrete Information related to heat resistant concrete ; recipes, ingredients mixing ratio, work with and applications.

* the stoichiometric air to fuel ratio ;

The tendency is to run lean, an equivalence ratio less than 1, to reduce the combustion temperature and thus reduce the NOx emissions ; however, running the combustion lean makes it very susceptible to combustion instability.

With the writings of Théophile de Donder as precedent, Ilya Prigogine and Defay in Chemical Thermodynamics ( 1954 ) defined chemical affinity in terms of the uncompensated heat of reaction Q the reaction progress variable or reaction extent ξ ; as the ratio of their infinitesimal increments:

This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles ; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4: 3.

* The diffraction angles are invariant under scaling ; that is, they depend only on the ratio of the wavelength to the size of the diffracting object.

In particular, some authors use the term ' compression ratio ' to mean ' space savings ', even though the latter is not a ratio ; and others use the term ' compression ratio ' to mean its inverse, even though that equates higher compression ratio with lower compression.

While wideband FM uses more bandwidth, it can improve the signal-to-noise ratio significantly ; for example, doubling the value of, while keeping constant, results in an eight-fold improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio.

In practice, most U. S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different length-to-width ratio ; common sizes are or ( flag ratio 1. 5 ), or ( 1. 6 ), or or ( 1. 667 ).

* Card counting-Many systems exist for Blackjack to keep track of the ratio of ten values to all others ; when this ratio is high the player has an advantage and should increase the amount of their bets.

; Void ratio: is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solid particles in a soil.

The first jet aircraft to enter service in October 1980 were six Alpha Jet CI light attack and advanced training aircraft ; six more were ordered, but were subsequently cancelled.

FBI agents, state troopers, sheriff's deputies, and Reno police surrounded the jet, as it had not yet been determined with certainty that Cooper was no longer aboard ; but an armed search quickly confirmed that he was gone.

A total of 8 had been launched ; one missile hit a MiG-19 jet fighter sent to intercept the U-2, but which was unable to reach a high enough altitude.

The player then defines it as a " jet of fire ," with all that implies: it has the possibility of starting secondary fires ; it looks, smells and sounds like a jet of fire ; etc.

Steam just above atmospheric pressure ( all that the boiler could stand ) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity-induced upstroke ; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum ; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder, raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity-actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft.

They are pursued by Sunfire ; they manage to get the better of him and take him prisoner, but not before he manages to cripple the jet.

Luthor decides to fake his own death by piloting a prototype jet on a proposed trip around the world and crashing it in the Andes ; this is merely a cover for the removal of his brain from his cancer-ridden body and the growth of a cloned body around it, whereupon he passes himself off as his hitherto unknown, illegitimate 21-year-old son and heir, Lex Luthor II.

Critics such as Norman Lebrecht were vocal in their diagnosis of the problem as the " jet set conductor " ( whose salaries were presumably bleeding the orchestras dry ); and several high-profile conductors have taken pay cuts in recent years ; but the amounts of revenue involved are too small to account for the crisis.

It possesses the property of presenting a different appearance according to the manner in which it is cut: when cut in one direction it is jet black ; in another it is glistening gray.

As a general rule ( prior to the adoption of DVD ), special effects would be done within the theatrical aspect ratio, but not the full-frame thereof ; also the expanded image area can include extraneous objects — such as cables, microphone booms, jet vapor trails, or overhead telephone wires — not intended to be included in the frame.

By 2001, few lower-end printer models came with support for PostScript, largely due to growing competition from much cheaper non-PostScript ink jet printers, and new software-based methods to render PostScript images on the computer, making them suitable for any printer ; PDF, a descendant of PostScript, provides one such method, and has largely replaced PostScript as de facto standard for electronic document distribution.

Because of the low availability relative to demand, rhenium is among the most expensive of metals, with an average price of approximately US $ 4, 575 per kilogram ( US $ 142. 30 per troy ounce ) as of August 2011 ; it is also of critical strategic military importance, for its use in high performance military jet and rocket engines.

Turboprops are very efficient at flight speeds below 450 mph ( 390 knots ; 725 km / hr ) because the jet velocity of the propeller ( and exhaust ) is relatively low.

It was one of the targets of the September 11 attacks ; 189 people died at the site when a jet passenger plane crashed into the building.

Although the rule still applies, the visible fuselage " waisting " can only be seen on a few aircraft, such as the B-1B Lancer, Learjet 60, and the Tupolev Tu-160 ' Blackjack ' — the same effect is now achieved by careful positioning of aircraft components, like the boosters and cargo bay on rockets ; the jet engines in front of ( and not directly below ) the wings of the Airbus A380 ; the jet engines behind ( and not purely at the side of ) the fuselage of a Cessna Citation X ; the shape and location of the canopy on the F-22 Raptor ; and the image of the Airbus A380 above showing obvious area rule shaping at the wing root, which is practically invisible from any other angle.