With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

The present coastal arrangement appeared c. 7000 BC, with post-ice age sea levels continuing to rise for another 3, 000 years after that.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period ( c. 3150 BC to 30 BC )

** Xun Zi ( c. 312 BC – 230 BC )

** Gongsun Long ( c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC )

** Sunzi ( c. 500 BC )

: Anaximenes of Miletus ( c. 585-c. 525 BC )

For example, the letter ⟨ i ⟩ in the word cinema has a sound-representing function ( representing the sound ) and a pronunciation-marking function ( marking the ⟨ c ⟩ as having the value opposed to the value ).

Bishop Epiphanius of Salamis, wrote his letter 51 to John, Bishop of Jerusalem ( c. 394 ) in which he recounted how he tore down an image in a church and admonished the other bishop that such images are " opposed.

Turner and Bateson estimate that during the Twenty-second dynasty c. 945-715 BC, Bastet worship changed to being a major cat deity ( as opposed to a lioness deity ).

Calling a Japanese boy e ( t / c ) chi might be flirtatious, as opposed to the more insulting hentai.

Diametrically opposed to Mencius, in regards to human nature ( 性 ), was the interpretation of Xunzi ( c. 300 – 237 BC ), another Confucian follower.

However, archaeological evidence suggests that Rome did not acquire the character of a unified city-state ( as opposed to a number of separate hilltop settlements ) until c. 625 BC.

The hot bulb engine, due to the lower pressures used ( around 90 PSI ) as opposed to the Diesel engine's c. 500 PSI, had only about a 12 % thermal efficiency.

John Kennedy O ' Hara ( born c. 1961 ) is an American lawyer ( disbarred 1997 ; reinstated 2009 ), active in Brooklyn, New York politics as a political reformer opposed to Brooklyn's Democratic machine.

* Saint Vigor, disciple of St Vedast, became Bishop of Bayeux, resolutely opposed paganism ( c. 537 )

Atticus ( c. 175 ) opposed the eclecticism which had invaded the school and contested the theories of Aristotle as an aberration from Plato.

Sigebert of Gembloux ( Sigebertus Gemblacensis ) ( c. 1030 – 5 October 1112 ) was a medieval author, known mainly as a pro-Imperial historian of a universal chronicle, opposed to the expansive papacy of Gregory VII and Pascal II.

The earliest recorded literary usage of the term cutty sark ( as opposed to older usage of the two separate words ) is by Dougal Graham in c. 1779 ( the year of his death ): " A cutty sark of guide harn sheet, My mitter he pe spin, mattam.

Breton has evolved a modified form of this digraph, c ' h for representing, as opposed to ch, which stands for.

c. The evidence was not conclusive that Iraq actually purchased, as opposed to having sought, uranium and the British Government did not claim this.

Augustin von Alveld or Alvelt ( 1480 – c. 1535 ) was a teacher and provincial for Saxony of the Franciscan order, who was opposed to Martin Luther on the question of papal authority.

Francesco Lana de Terzi's flying boat concept c. 1670.

Plotinus also elucidates the equation of matter with nothing or non-being in his Enneads which more correctly is to express the concept of idealism or that there is not anything or anywhere outside of the " mind " or nous ( c. f.

An early example of the Golden Rule that reflects the Ancient Egyptian concept of Maat appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant, which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 – 1650 BCE ): " Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do thus to you.

A fundamental concept of Lorentz's theory in 1895 was the " theorem of corresponding states " for terms of order v / c.

This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's introspective sense or concept of her / himself, as in being " at peace " in one's own mind, as found in European references from c. 1200.

* Continental Mark II concept car c. 1953

In the light of later work ( c. 1970 ), ' descent ' is part of the theory of comonads ; here we can see one way in which the Grothendieck school bifurcates in its approach from the ' pure ' category theorists, a theme that is important for the understanding of how the topos concept was later treated.

A concept lattice for objects consisting of the integer s from 1 to 10, and attributes Composite number | composite ( c ), Square number | square ( s ), Even number | even ( e ), Odd number | odd ( o ) and Prime number | prime ( p ).

Toyota unveiled the Prius c concept at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show.

The concept of protein family was conceived at a time when very few protein structures or sequences were known ; at that time, primarily small, single-domain proteins such as myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome c. Since that time, it was found that many proteins comprise multiple independent structural and functional units or domains.

Statue of an astronomer and the concept of the cosmic distance ladder by the parallax method, made from the azimuth ring and other parts of the Yale-Columbia Refractor ( telescope ) ( c 1925 ) wrecked by the 2003 Canberra bushfires which burned out the Mount Stromlo Observatory ; at Questacon, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory

However, those expressions were replaced by the concept of relativistic mass, an expression which was first defined by Richard C. Tolman in 1912, who stated: “ the expression m < sub > 0 </ sub >( 1-v < sup > 2 </ sup >/ c < sup > 2 </ sup >)< sup >- 1 / 2 </ sup > is best suited for THE mass of a moving body .”

The primary technical influence in its development was the kenjutsu school of Ittō-ryū ( founded c. 16th century AD ), whose core philosophy revolved around the concept that all strikes in swordsmanship revolve around the technique kiri-oroshi ( vertical downward cut ).

The usage primarily comes to us from translations of Euclid's Elements, in which two line segments a and b are called commensurable precisely if there is some third segment c that can be laid end-to-end a whole number of times to produce a segment congruent to a, and also, with a different whole number, a segment congruent to b. Euclid did not use any concept of real number, but he used a notion of congruence of line segments, and of one such segment being longer or shorter than another.

Constant capital ( c ), is a concept created by Karl Marx and used in Marxian political economy.

* Chinese Smorgasbord: though found in the U. S. and other parts of Canada, this term and concept had its origins in early Gastown, Vancouver, c. 1870 and resulted from the many Scandinavians working in the woods and mills around the shantytown getting the Chinese cook to put out a steam table on a sideboard, so they could " load up " and leave room on the dining table ( presumably for " drink ").

Statue of an astronomer and the concept of the cosmic distance ladder, created by scientist and artist Tim Wetherell, made from the azimuth ring and other parts of the Yale-Columbia Refractor ( telescope ) ( c 1925 ) wrecked by the 2003 Canberra bushfires which burned out the Mount Stromlo Observatory ; at Questacon, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

* c. In the main defensive battle: ( 1 ) hold and destroy the forces of the enemy's leading armies conventionally as far east as possible, maintaining cohesion with 1 ( GE ) Corps ; ( 2 ) in the event of a major penetration affecting 1 ( NL ) Corps sector, be prepared to hold the area between the roads A7 and B3 and to conduct a counterattack according to COMNORTHAG's concept of operations.

The variable speed of light ( VSL ) concept states that the speed of light in a vacuum, usually denoted by c, may not be constant in most cases.

In 1912, he coined the concept of relativistic mass by writing that " the expression m < sub > 0 </ sub >( 1-v < sup > 2 </ sup >/ c < sup > 2 </ sup >)< sup >- 1 / 2 </ sup > is best suited for the mass of a moving body.

Griggs expanded the concept to reflect a wide range of opponent processes for biological systems in this book Biological Relativity ( c ) 1967.

* Simon Anholt ( born c. 1961 ), independent policy advisor, author and researcher ; pioneer of the concept of ' nation branding '

* Soviet development of Leica II concept the FED 2 c. 1955 by Stephen Rothery

* c. 180: Irenaeus's Adversus Haereses brings the concept of " heresy " further to the fore in the first systematic attempt to counter Gnostic and other aberrant teachings.