cAMP ( cyclic adenosine monophosphate ) is an important molecule in eukaryotic signal transduction, a so-called second messenger.

This is a useful technique for researchers in neuroscience because it allows them to quickly increase the intracellular cAMP levels in particular neurons, and to study the effect of that increase in neural activity on the behavior of the organism.

The cAMP Dependent Pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:

** Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: This family of channels is characterized by activation due to the binding of intracellular cAMP or cGMP, with specificity varying by member.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that acts on D1 type ( D1 and D5 ) Gs coupled receptors, which increase cAMP and PKA, and D2 type ( D2, D3, and D4 ) receptors, which activate Gi-coupled receptors that decrease cAMP and PKA.

A phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a drug that blocks one or more of the five subtypes of the enzyme phosphodiesterase ( PDE ), therefore preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ) by the respective PDE subtype ( s ).

PDE10A is almost exclusively expressed in the striatum and subsequent increase in cAMP and cGMP after PDE10A inhibition ( e. g. by papaverine ) is " a novel therapeutic avenue in the discovery of antipsychotics ".

This is mediated via the A1 receptor, inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP and so causing cell hyperpolarization by increasing outward K + flux.

Glucagon is the specific antidote for beta-blocker poisoning, because it increases intracellular cAMP and cardiac contractility.

The Na < sup >+</ sup >/ K < sup >+</ sup >- ATPase is upregulated by cAMP.

* Direct sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands takes place via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the superior cervical ganglion with postganglionic neurons that release norepinephrine, which is then received by β-adrenergic receptors on the acinar and ductal cells of the salivary glands, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) levels and the corresponding increase of saliva secretion.

In decidual cells and in lymphocytes the distal promoter and thus prolactin expression is stimulated by cAMP.

Responsivness to cAMP is mediated by an imperfect cAMP – responsive element and two CAAT / enhancer binding proteins ( C / EBP ).

One explanation is most basically due to an increased amount of cyclic AMP ( cAMP ) in the ventricular cardiac myocytes leading to increased flow of calcium ions into the cell.

In Dictyostelium, aggregation is signalled by cAMP, but others use different chemicals.

The effect of this is to relay the signal throughout the nearby population of amoebae and cause inward movement to the area of highest cAMP concentration.

One important note is the differential effects of increased cAMP in smooth muscle compared to cardiac muscle.

* cAMP receptor protein ( also known as catabolite gene activator protein ) is a regulatory protein in bacteria

In cell biology, Protein kinase A ( PKA ) refers to a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP ( cAMP ).

Under low levels of cAMP, the holoenzyme remains intact and is catalytically inactive.

The α subunit is thought to be the effector region responsible for stimulation of adenylate cyclase ( involved the generation of cAMP ).

cAMP exerts this effect by binding the transcription factor CRP, also known as CAP.

Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is aided by the cAMP-bound catabolite activator protein ( CAP, also known as the cAMP receptor protein ).

The catabolite activator protein ( CAP ; also known as cAMP receptor protein, CRP ) activates transcription at the lac operon of the bacterium Escherichia coli.

During their analysis, they found the unexpected result that LP activation increased with the addition of 5-AMP, which is a precursor of cAMP ; however, this was not known at the time.

Different classes of G protein-coupled receptors have many known functions including the cAMP and Phosphatidylinositol signal transduction pathways.

Following activation of adenylate cyclase, the resulting cAMP acts as a second messenger by interacting with and regulating other proteins such as protein kinase A and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels.

cAMP acts as a second messenger that goes on to interact with and activate protein kinase A ( PKA ).

As GPCRs, they work by modulating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) second messenger system to produce a cellular response.

Ultimately, the cAMP second messenger system, through several downstream mechanisms, works by modulating the opening of plasmalemmal ion channels that allow positively charged ions such as Na < sup >+</ sup > and K < sup >+</ sup > to enter or exit the cytoplasm of the cell, thereby generating or inhibiting an action potential.

Inside the cell, cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) has been shown to be an important second messenger of pigment translocation.

The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases comprise a group of enzymes that degrade the phosphodiester bond in the second messenger molecules cAMP and cGMP.

Agonist binding thus causes a rise in the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cAMP.

In 2012, it was shown that resveratrol is capable of competitively inhibiting various phosphodiesterases, which results in an increase in cytosolic concentration of cAMP, which acts as a second messenger for the activation of the pathway Epac1 / CaMKKβ / AMPK / SIRT1 / PGC-1α.

An example of a recently developed biosensor is one for detecting cytosolic concentration of the analyte cAMP ( cyclic adenosine monophosphate ), a second messenger involved in cellular signaling triggered by ligands interacting with receptors on the cell membrane.

The second gene, crp, encodes a protein called catabolite activator protein ( CAP ) or cAMP receptor protein ( CRP ).

These receptors generally function via intracellular second messengers, including cyclic AMP ( cAMP ), inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate ( IP3 ) and the calcium ( Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >)- calmodulin system.

Like cAMP, cGMP is an important second messenger that internalizes the message carried by intercellular messengers such as peptide hormones and NO, and can also function as an autocrine signal.

Activation of D < sub > 1 </ sub >- like family receptors is coupled to the G protein G < sub > αs </ sub >, which subsequently activates adenylate cyclase, increasing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ).

A typical ( albeit somewhat simplified ) sequence of events is as follows: A signal arrives at the cell surface, activates the corresponding receptor, which leads to the production of a second messenger such as cAMP or Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >, which in turn activates a protein kinase.

A subset of steroids are able to bind to the SHBG / SHBG-R complex resulting in an activation of adenylyl cyclase and synthesis of the cAMP second messenger.

The other product of phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, activates protein kinase C, which assists in the activation of cAMP ( another second messenger ).

In a second possible pathway, phosphatidylinositol transfer protein α ( PITP ) binds to phosphorylated DCC which induces phospholipase C ( PLC ) to increase the ratio of cAMP to cGMP.