* Article 4 – The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims ; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force ;

This dispute helped to establish de Pizan's reputation as a female intellectual who could assert herself effectively and defend her claims in the male-dominated literary realm.

In the case of the former two religions, their leadership each claims direct, special, ongoing revelation from God to establish accepted beliefs.

" Colonists ", sent to the island to establish possession claims by the United States, built the Earhart Light — named after Amelia Earhart — as a day beacon or navigational landmark.

The De Vere Code, a book by English actor Jonathan Bond, the author claims that Thomas Thorpe ´ s 30-word dedication to the original publication of Shakespeare's Sonnets contains six simple encryptions which conclusively establish de Vere as the author of the poems.

Many web authentication systems use SSL to establish an encrypted session between the browser and the server, and is usually the underlying meaning of claims to have a " secure Web site ".

By stating what claims and defenses are at issue, pleadings establish the issues to be decided by the court.

Modern historians are sceptical of some of its claims: one of Rhygyfarch's aims was to establish some independence for the Welsh church, which had refused the Roman rite until the 8th century and now sought a metropolitan status equal to that of Canterbury.

Edward I of England was appointed to adjudicate the competing claims for the Scottish crown, but attempted to use the opportunity to establish himself as the feudal overlord of Scotland.

In 1819 Spain abandoned all claims to land east of the Sabine River and the United States moved in to establish law and order.

These are broad claims that the product can support the structure or function of the body ( e. g., " glucosamine helps support healthy joints ", " the hormone melatonin helps establish normal sleep patterns ").

This suggests that any analysis of testimony that concludes with an apparent confirmation by Jamison of the story originally presented by Salas reveals a group effort to establish these claims.

John of Fordun claims that Kenneth II of Scotland ( reigned 971-995 ) attempted to establish new succession rules, which would limit the right to the throne to his own descendants.

Born in Le-Locheur ( near Caen, Normandie ), his family was of some position, though it seems not to have been able to establish to the satisfaction of heralds the claims which it made to nobility older than the 16th century.

Indeed, Phil Hutchinson notes that a. if one looks at Putnam's own later criticisms of others ( for example his criticisms of Jaegwon Kim in his book The Threefold Cord ) one finds that implicitly he critiques his own earlier self ; and b. that the persuasive power of the Twin Earth thought experiment / intuition pump relies on our turning a blind eye to aspects of the experiment in order that it establish that which Putnam claims it to.

Norwich lays claims to being the first municipality to adopt the Public Libraries Act 1850 ( which allowed any municipal borough with a population of 100, 000 or more to introduce a halfpenny rate to establish public libraries — although not to buy books ), but theirs was the eleventh library to open, in 1857, being the eleventh in the country after Winchester, Manchester, Liverpool, Bolton, Kidderminster, Cambridge, Birkenhead and Sheffield.

In the reinsurance fields, actuarial science can be used to design and price reinsurance and retro-reinsurance schemes, and to establish reserve funds for known claims and future claims and catastrophes.

" Given that the parched region of the Gran Chaco ( largely uninhabited ) had been under dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay ever since the creation of both republics, each proceeded to establish a line of small garrisons ( fortines ), simply to establish a national presence and press their claims.

Since the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961, Article 4 of which states " The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims ; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force ", most countries do not recognise territorial claims in Antarctica.

To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in, say, Bessarabia, where, as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '', he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey.

The administrative process has more popularity as it is cheaper and has lower financial risk to the person making claims.

Simon was highly skeptical of such claims, so proposed a wager, telling Ehrlich to select any raw material he wanted and select " any date more than a year away ," and Simon would bet that the commodity's price on that date would be lower than what it was at the time of the wager.

Polanyi ( unlike Hayek ) claims there are higher and lower forms of spontaneous order.

CBS News claims that in the United States women who are ages 30 to 44 and hold a university degree make only 62 percent of what similarly qualified men do, a lower rate than in all but three of the 19 countries for which numbers are available.

Another legend claims that following the Navigation Acts ( an ordinance by Oliver Cromwell requiring all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to dip their flag in salute ) the Wilhelmus was sung ( or rather, shouted ) by the sailors on the Dutch flagship Brederode in response to the first warning shot fired by an English fleet under Robert Blake, when their captain Maarten Tromp refused to lower his flag.

The key claims of Holocaust denial are: the German Nazi government had no official policy or intention of exterminating Jews, Nazi authorities did not use extermination camps and gas chambers to mass murder Jews, and the actual number of Jews killed was significantly ( typically an order of magnitude ) lower than the historically accepted figure of 5 to 6 million.

The press release claims 7. 5 times lower emissions of particulates and 3. 5 times lower emission of nitrogen oxides compared to the previous engine.

Downes is sceptical of earlier historians ' claims of a lower middle-class background, and writes that a 19th-century suggestion that Giles Vanbrugh was a sugar-baker has been misunderstood.

Some proponents claim a second benefit of increased employment or lower health care costs as the market and society adjust to the new fiscal policy ( these claims, as with the claim " tax cuts create jobs ," are often difficult to prove or disprove even after the fact ).

Marketed claims such as ' frequency response 4 Hz to 20 kHz ' are usually overstatements ; the product's response at frequencies lower than 20 Hz is typically very small.

Bourdieu claims that how one chooses to present one's social space to the world, one's aesthetic dispositions, depicts one's status and distances oneself from lower groups.

Thus, Hustler magazine's parody of Jerry Falwell was deemed to be within the law, because the Court found that reasonable people would not have interpreted the parody to contain factual claims, leading to a reversal of the jury verdict in favor of Falwell, who had previously been awarded $ 150, 000 in damages by a lower court.

The Court has inherent appellate jurisdiction for appeals ( called pourvois en cassation ) from a lower court ( courts of appeal or, for certain types of small claims cases which are not appealable to courts of appeal, from a court of first instance ).

The manufacture also claims that this change can also be useful to aid in running improvement, help prevent injuries in runners, improve core strength development, and are useful for the rehabilitation of lower extremity injuries, especially in the athlete.

In a largely symbolic 2004 resolution by the lower house of the Polish Parliament reparations of $ 640 billion were demanded from Germany, mainly as a weapon in an ongoing argument regarding German property claims on formerly German territory.

The ISSR claims that the NSBR, SSBA and TSSR produce lower quality dogs with more health issues, while the three later registries claim the opposite is true.

The canon mistakenly claims that the canon of the late-4th-century Council of Carthage quoted above excluded conjugal intercourse by clergy lower than bishops only in connection with their liturgical service or in times of fasting.

The jurisdiction of the lower trial court in such jurisdictions is typically restricted to hearing minor claims and trying minor offenses, while the higher court may hear claims without an upper limit on the amount in controversy, and may try all crimes.

Another possible reason is negative correlation between risk aversion ( e. g., the willingness to purchase insurance ) and risk level ( estimated ex ante based on observation of the ex post occurrence rate of observed claims ) in the population: If risk aversion is higher amongst lower risk customers, such that persons less likely to engage in risk-increasing behavior are more likely to engage in risk-decreasing behavior ( i. e., to take affirmative steps to reduce risk ), adverse selection can be reduced or even reversed, leading to ' propitious ' or ' advantageous ' selection.

In July 2009 it was reported that drivers were being restricted to two return shuttle runs through the tunnel before taking a break as well being instructed to keep the lights on in the driver's cabin and lower the side window blinds in order to avoid a possible stroboscopic effect caused by the tunnel lighting, with claims it may have caused headaches, dizziness, fatigue and nausea.

Any Hohenstaufen in Sicily was bound to have claims over the cities of Lombardy, and as a check to Manfred, Urban IV introduced Charles of Anjou into the equation to place the crown of the Two Sicilies in the hands of a monarch amenable to papal control.

While for Husserl we would have to abstract from all concrete determinations of our empirical ego, to be able to turn to the field of pure consciousness, Heidegger claims that " the possibilities and destinies of philosophy are bound up with man's existence, and thus with temporality and with historicality.

The narrator claims that now " the weakest and the meekest were bound to admit, at last, that the race of life was fair ".

From 1833 to 1835, Livingston was minister plenipotentiary to France, charged with procuring the fulfilment by the French government of the treaty negotiated by W. C. Rives in 1831, by which France had bound herself to pay an indemnity of twenty-five millions of francs for French spoliations of American shipping chiefly under the Berlin and Milan decrees, and the United States in turn agreed to pay to France 1, 500, 000 francs in satisfaction of French claims.

A notarial instrument also fixes the date at which its parties are bound without prior delivery and acceptance ( as opposed to a deed or contract under common law ) and the data ( date certaine ) of the act's execution so as to safeguard against third party claims.

Piers, who survived his fall by landing on a ship bound for Thailand, finally arrives and testifies that he is the real killer, but the prosecutor discredits his claims by asking the jury to question whether a barrister and Member of Parliament could really be that stupid.

The United States claims that financial resolutions, such as this, had to be adopted by consensus to apply, and Israel arguing that the battalion headquarter should be relocated elsewhere, and they were bound by no legal or moral obligation to assume responsibility for damage caused by their retaliation against terrorists.

Leto responded to some of the claims in the suit stating, " under California law, where we live and signed our deal, one cannot be bound to a contract for more than seven years.

Both speaker and hearer are bound to the validity claims raised by the utterances they share during communication.

In 1982 the Five Principles were written into the Constitution of the People's Republic of China which claims to be bound by them in its international relations.

Hurwitz's theorem claims that in fact more is true: it provides a uniform bound on the order of the automorphism group as a function of the genus and characterizes those Riemann surfaces for which the bound is sharp.

For example, for a pattern T which describes the bacterial flagellum, Dembski claims to obtain the upper bound φ ( T ) ≤ 10 < sup > 20 </ sup >.

Combined with his universal probability bound of 10 < sup >− 150 </ sup >, he claims that this criterion is completely accurate when applied to actual objects " with known underlying causal story.

From his bound position, Prometheus claims to be greater than Jupiter before relating his suffering to the conditions of nature, including the Earth, Heaven, Sun, Sea, and Shadow.

Additionally, according to a scholium at line 94 of Prometheus Bound, the Titan claims in Fire-Bringer that he had been bound for " thrice ten thousand years.

In its essence the idea of communicative rationality draws upon the implicit validity claims that are inescapably bound to the everyday practices of individuals capable of speech and action.

He held that Baker bound the court on both the Due Process and Equal Protection claims asserted by the plaintiffs.