Having long endured so-called dhimmi status, and having suffered the brutality and oppression of Hamidian leadership since 1876, the Armenian minority in Cilicia perceived the nascent Young Turk government as a godsend.

Following the Muslim conquest of Persia, completed in 644, the Persian Church became a protected dhimmi community under the Rashidun Caliphate.

The Islamic Caliphate later guaranteed religious freedom under the conditions that non-Muslim communities accept dhimmi ( second class ) status and their adult males pay the jizya tax as a substitute for the zakat paid by Muslim citizens.

According to law professor H. Patrick Glenn of the Canadian McGill University, located in Montreal, Quebec, " oday it is said that the dhimmi are ' excluded from the specifically Muslim privileges, but on the other hand they are excluded from the specifically Muslim duties ' while ( and here there are clear parallels with western public and private law treatment of aliens – Fremdenrecht, la condition de estrangers ), ' or the rest, the Muslim and the dhimmi are equal in practically the whole of the law of property and of contracts and obligations '.

* Yusuf al-Qaradawi has a book entitled " Non-Muslims in Muslim societies " detailing many issues including what a dhimmi is, jizyah, rights, responsibilities, and more.

In fact, the population has signed the famous Najran Pact in the 7th century with the Prophet Muhammad, promising them fair treatment as subjects ( dhimmi ) of the newly conquered territories.

The millet system has a very short history in the Middle East, and is closely linked to Islamic rules on the treatment of non − Muslim minorities ( dhimmi ).

As monotheists, Jews and Christians have traditionally been considered " People of The Book ," and afforded a special status known as dhimmi derived from a theoretical contract-" dhimma " or " residence in return for taxes ".

The Islamic world classified Jews ( and Christians ) as dhimmi and allowed them to practice their religion more freely than they could do in Christian Europe.

" She believes that " the dhimmi condition can only be understood in the context of Jihad ," and studies the relationship between the theological tenets of Islam and the hardships of Christians and Jews under Islamic rule in different times and places.

After the expansion of Islam into the Middle East from the Arabian Peninsula, Jews, along with Christians and Zoroastrians, typically had the legal status of dhimmi.

Democracy conference Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad noted the similarities of American secularism and Islamic law, argued that the free exercise of religion is inherently part of Islamic law and outlined a vision of " Islamic pluralism " where the traditional dhimmi system of protection of non-Muslims must be explicitly protected constitutionally.

Jizya is a poll tax imposed under Islamic law on non-Muslims-specifically, the dhimmi (" People of the Book ", i. e. Jews and Christians ).

Historically, a dhimmi was a person who is protected under Islamic law by a pact contracted between non-Muslims and authorities from their Muslim government: this status was first made available to non-Muslims who were People of the Book ( e. g. Jews and Christians ), but was later extended to include Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Mandeans, Hindus and Buddhists.

The term itself is made up of the word " dhimmi ", which means " protected " in Arabic and " refers to the legal and social conditions of Jews and Christians living under Islamic rule ".

It is derived by adding the productive suffix-tude to the Arabic adjective dhimmi, which literally means protected and historically refers to a non-Muslim subject of a Muslim state.

One is the story of a golden age of equality, of mutual respect and cooperation, especially but not exclusively in Moorish Spain ; the other is of “ dhimmi ”- tude, of subservience and persecution and ill treatment.

This incident, which illustrates the tensions that existed between the Jewish and Christian populations of Syria, was notable for being an exception to the rule of Jewish-Muslim relations which during the Tanzimat era in the Ottoman Empire ( 1839 – 1920 ) were generally much better than Christian-Muslim relations due particularly to the economic ascendancy afforded to the Christian community with the relaxation and eventual elimination of the dhimmi status rules in the 1850s.

Under the Ummayads and Abbasids, the Islamic community was increasingly fragmented into various sects and kingdoms, each of which had its own evolving policy towards dhimmi and towards conquered polytheists.

Cases were taken out against Muslims, against other dhimmis and even against members of the dhimmi ’ s own family.

Some Muslims, however, disagree, and hold that adherents of these faiths cannot be dhimmi.

“ When the Persians rebuked them for this, the Jews sometimes asserted that they were singing, and sometimes over their situations .” When the Muslims took over and allowed Jews dhimmi status, prayer became permissible unto the Jews, and the piyyut had become a commendable tradition for holidays and other joyous occasions.

Muslim men could generally marry dhimmi women who are considered " People of the Book ," however Islamic jurists rejected the possibility any non-Muslim man might marry a Muslim woman.

These clubs commonly crossed social strata, including among their membership local notables, dhimmi and slaves – to the exclusion of those associated with the local ruler, or amir.

The Khilafat ensured security of the lives and property of non-Muslims under the dhimmi system.

Muslim governments in the Indus basin readily extended the dhimmi status to the Hindus and Buddhists of India.

In medieval Islamic societies, the qadi ( Islamic judges ) usually could not interfere in the matters of non-Muslims unless the parties voluntarily choose to be judged according to Islamic law, thus the dhimmi communities living in Islamic states usually had their own laws independent from the sharia law, such as the Jews who would have their own Halakha courts.

In medieval Islamic societies, the qadi ( Islamic judges ) usually could not interfere in the matters of non-Muslims unless the parties voluntarily choose to be judged according to Islamic law, thus the dhimmi communities living in Islamic states usually had their own laws independent from the Sharia law, such as the Jews who would have their own Halakha courts.

The definition of " dhimmi " always excludes followers of the Bahá ' í Faith.

Scholars stress that non-Muslim citizens of the Islamic state ( dhimmi ) can definitely be beneficiaries.

* Pact of Umar ( c. 717 AD ), an edict of the caliph Umar ibn AbdulAziz concerning dhimmi

Abdul Aziz Said writes that the Islamic concept of dhimmi, when applied, allowed other cultures to flourish and prevented the general rise of antisemitism.

In the generations that followed the conquest, Muslim rulers promulgated new statutes clearly disadvantageous to dhimmi.

Specifically, at speeds of OC-3 and above, the cost of segmentation and reassembly ( SAR ) hardware makes ATM less competitive for IP than Packet Over SONET ( POS ); because of its fixed 48-byte cell payload, ATM is not suitable as a data link layer directly underlying IP ( without the need for SAR at the data link level ) since the OSI layer on which IP operates must provide a maximum transmission unit ( MTU ) of at least 576 bytes.

Other things associated with fire and yellow bile in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of summer, since it increased the qualities of heat and aridity ; the choleric temperament ( of a person dominated by the yellow bile humour ); the masculine ; and the eastern point of the compass.

Other things associated with air and blood in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of spring, since it increased the qualities of heat and moisture ; the sanguine temperament ( of a person dominated by the blood humour ); hermaphrodite ( combining the masculine quality of heat with the feminine quality of moisture ); and the northern point of the compass.

Other things associated with earth and black bile in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of fall, since it increased the qualities of cold and aridity ; the melancholic temperament ( of a person dominated by the black bile humour ); the feminine ; and the southern point of the compass.

For example, 21 is the GCD of 252 and 105 ( 252 = 12 × 21 ; 105 = 5 × 21 ); since 252 − 105 = ( 12 − 5 ) × 21 = 147, the GCD of 147 and 105 is also 21.

He then re-calibrated his scale using the melting point of ice and normal human body temperature ( which were at 30 and 90 degrees ); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times ( since 64 is 2 to the sixth power ).

Published since June 19, 1978, it chronicles the life of the title character, the cat Garfield ( named after Davis's grandfather ); his owner, Jon Arbuckle ; and Arbuckle's dog, Odie.

A History of Finland ( Columbia University Press ; 2011 ); 227 pages ; focus is since 1900.

: ( 1998 ); electrified ; double track ; some addititions and removals since 1997

Some restaurants might use the suffix-zen ( 膳 ) as a classier though dated synonym to the more familiar, since the latter basically is a term for a combo meal served at a, akin to a diner .. Teishoku means a meal of fixed menu, a dinner à prix fixe served at or, which is somewhat vague ( shokudō can mean a diner type restaurant or a corporate lunch hall ); but e. g. defines it as fare served at, etc., a diner-like establishment.

The structure of an abelian Lie algebra is mathematically uninteresting ( since the Lie bracket is identically zero ); the interest is in the simple summands.

* the Bishopric of Riga ( an archbishopric since 1255 );

In this case, four different numbers were inserted, with dots between them: the rightmost one is a timestamp of the number of seconds since January 1, 1970, known as the Unix epoch ; to the left of it is the process ID of the program that generated the message ( on servers running Unix or Linux, each process has a number which is unique among the processes in progress at any moment, though they do repeat over time ); to the left of that is a count of the number of messages generated so far by the current process ; and the leftmost number is the number of parts in the current message that have been generated so far.

* Dent, David W. Encyclopedia of Modern Mexico ( 2002 ); since 1940 ; 376pp

Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa

* Common law, ( case law development since colonial independence );

The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the " Eroica " ( four horns has since become standard ); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion — plus chorus and vocal soloists — in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of " symphony " might be expanded for good.

However, exceptions include Oman ; India ; Saudi Arabia ; Pakistan ( Pepsi has been a dominant sponsor of the Pakistan cricket team since the 1990s ); the Dominican Republic ; Guatemala ; the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island ; and Northern Ontario.

However, quantum mechanics does not pinpoint the exact values of a particle's position and momentum ( since they are conjugate pairs ) or its energy and time ( since they too are conjugate pairs ); rather, it only provides a range of probabilities of where that particle might be given its momentum and momentum probability.

* 56 fellows of the American Physics Society ( since 1995 );

* T-10, in Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia ( formerly Soviet Union ); 2 MW ; in operation since 1975

The largest Unitarian denomination worldwide today is also the oldest surviving Unitarian denomination ( since 1565, first use of the term " Unitarian " 1600 ); the Unitarian Church of Transylvania ( in Romania, which is union with the Unitarian Church in Hungary ).