Genocide, slavery, immigration and rivalry between world powers have given Caribbean history an impact disproportionate to the size of this small region.

The case further alleged that the factors Sallie Mae used to underwrite private student loans caused a disparate impact on students attending schools with disproportionate minority populations.

Robert C. Eisenstadt ( born 1954 ), an economics professor at the University of Louisiana at Monroe, told the Shreveport Times that the closures, unlike previous exits of State Farm Insurance and International Paper, will have a disproportionate impact on lower-income workers: " This is our largest employer of low-to medium-skilled workers.

Britain has had an impact on popular music disproportionate to its size, due to its linguistic and cultural links with many countries, particularly the United States and many of its former colonies like Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and its capacity for invention, innovation and fusion, which has led to the development of, or participation in, many of the major trends in popular music.

Differentiation on Earth had probably already separated many lighter materials toward the surface already, so that the impact removed a disproportionate amount of silicate material from Earth, and left the majority of the dense metal behind.

These forms have music have particularly flourished in Britain, which, it has been argued, has had an impact on popular music disproportionate to its size, partly due to its linguistic and cultural links with many countries, particularly the former areas of British control such as United States, Canada, and Australia, but also a capacity for invention, innovation and fusion, which has led to the development of, or participation in, many of the major trends in popular music.

Sussex has had an impact on the history of English folk music disproportionate to its size.

" Although the actual number of Communist Party militants remained small, their impact was far disproportionate to their numbers, in large part because of the anticommunist reaction of the government, especially the policies of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett who vowed to crush Communism in Canada with an " iron heel of ruthlessness.

Many wise use groups argue that rural residents suffer a disproportionate impact from environmental regulations, and that the environmental movement is biased toward the attitudes of urban elites, ignoring the rural perspective.

It has been noted that secret defence and intelligence links ' that minimal impact on ordinary people a disproportionate role in the transatlantic friendship ', and perspectives on the special relationship differ.

Constituting an estimated 1. 3 % of the country's population, the ethnic Chinese have a disproportionate impact on the economy and government.

These difficulties had a disproportionate economic impact on CKAC because of the recession that was particularly difficult in Montreal, and Quebec in general.

Sanbo Kyodan is a contemporary Japanese Zen lineage which had an impact in the West disproportionate to its size in Japan.

The Rudd Government's proposal was that 30 per cent of the GST revenue pool was to be dedicated towards the Commonwealth's contribution for hospital services, which had a disproportionate impact on those States receiving a less than per capita share of the GST pool ( for Western Australia, this would have resulted in an estimated 64 per cent of GST revenue being forfeit ).

Boyd ( 1998 ) addressed the potential impact of a disproportionate sex ratio of females to males on the control group's mean IQ score.

Due to her late start and her relatively early death, Masters ' published output is small but her impact was disproportionate in that her style and writings about writing inspired many others to take up the craft.

The Selous Scouts was an elite unit that had demonstrated how small units, trained to unusually high levels of expertise, could have an impact disproportionate to their size.

This report argues that insurance scoring: is inherently unfair ; has a disproportionate impact on consumers in poor and minority communities ; penalizes consumers for rational behavior and sound financial management practices ; penalizes consumers for lenders ’ business decisions unrelated to payment history ; is an arbitrary practice ; and undermines the basic insurance mechanism and public policy goals for insurance.

The plaintiff, Jalil Abdul Muntaqim who is serving a life sentence, argues that the law has a disproportionate impact on African Americans and therefore violates Section 2 of the federal Voting Rights Act as a denial of the right to vote on account of race.

The plaintiff, Joseph Hayden, a former incarcerated felon and Campaign Director at Unlock the Block, argues that the law has a disproportionate impact on African Americans and therefore violates Section 2 of the federal Voting Rights Act as a denial of the right to vote on account of race, in addition to violating the First, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

`` Failure to do this will continue to place a disproportionate burden '' on Fulton taxpayers.

Big business is not taxed in proportion to its capacity and output, and the disproportionate burden falls on small and medium size businesses.

Specifically, commodities such as sugar are heavily distorted by subsidies on behalf of powerful economies ( the United States, Europe, and Japan ), who have a disproportionate influence in the WTO.

Keystone species tend to have an effect on ecosystem function that is disproportionate to their abundance in an ecosystem.

Thus in A v United Kingdom, the Court dismissed a claim that a derogation lodged by the British government in response to the September 11 attacks was invalid, but went on to find that measures taken by the United Kingdom under that derogation were disproportionate .< ref >

PR is an alternative to voting systems based on single member districts or on bloc voting ; these non-PR systems tend to produce disproportionate outcomes and to have a bias in favour of larger political groups.

A large body of scholarship has traced the relationships between the historical, social production of race in legal and criminal language and their effects on the policing and disproportionate incarceration of certain groups.

Thus the odds of losing symbols appearing on the payline became disproportionate to their actual frequency on the physical reel.

In Gregg, the Court found, in a 7-2 ruling, that Georgia's new death penalty laws passed Eighth Amendment scrutiny: the statutes provided a bifurcated trial in which guilt and sentence were determined separately ; and, the statutes provided for " specific jury findings " followed by state supreme court review comparing each death sentence " with the sentences imposed on similarly situated defendants to ensure that the sentence of death in a particular case is not disproportionate.

In 2009, an independent study by Duke University into alleged racism found " no evidence that the ( assisted outpatient treatment ) Program is disproportionately selecting African Americans for court orders, nor is there evidence of a disproportionate effect on other minority populations.

In October 1999 the U. S. Affiliate of Amnesty International issued a report " Summary of Amnesty International's concerns on police abuse in Chicago " summarizing on-going concerns, including those relating to brutality and improper tactics or coercion during questioning ; the detention and interrogation of children in police custody ; allegations of excessive force against suspects ; the shooting of unarmed suspects ; the disproportionate number of victims who are members of ethnic or racial minorities ; the inadequacy of police complaints and disciplinary procedures and the lack of any external oversight of the complaints process.

In November 2008, Ring visited Israel as part of a peace delegation and subsequently protested the Israeli air strikes on the Gaza Strip as completely disproportionate.

The move further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as the minority Tajik and Uzbek who suspected Daoud Khan's intention was to increase the Pashtun's disproportionate hold on political power.

The label of corporate welfare is often used to decry projects advertised as benefiting the general welfare that spend a disproportionate amount of funds on large corporations, and often in uncompetitive, or anti-competitive ways.

Based on their disproportionate dwarfism, some dog breeds traditionally have been classified as " achondroplastic.

A disproportionate share of the state court criminal cases reviewed on direct appeal by the U. S. Supreme Court involve death penalty cases.

Constituency boundaries were out of date, and the so-called " rotten boroughs " had a hugely disproportionate influence on the membership of the Parliament of the United Kingdom compared to the size of their populations: Old Sarum in Wiltshire, with one voter, elected two MPs, as did Dunwich in Suffolk, which by the early 19th century had almost completely disappeared into the sea.

The Irish government followed a similar line to other EU governments during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with the Irish Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, condemning the actions of Israel as " reckless and disproportionate " and calling for an immediate ceasefire on both sides, while also condemning the actions of Hezbollah.

A proposal for a ward based council, in which the mayor and vice mayor would continue to be elected at-large, was rejected by Roanoke voters in 1997, but ward system advocates still contend that the at-large system results in a disproportionate number of council members coming from affluent neighborhoods and that electing some or all council members on a ward basis would result in a more equal representation of all areas of the city.

There has been vocal opposition to the project at times, especially at the start during the zoning process, with arguments against the size of the community, its effect on Georgetown as a family-oriented town, concerns about the costs of providing city utilities, and concern about lowered city and Williamson County property taxes which are fixed for retirees under Texas law, and the disproportionate effect of City voting.

A third audience consists of journalists, government officials, and key businesspersons, who exert a disproportionate influence on a state's foreign or economic policy.