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Alien and Sedition
The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress in the aftermath of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with Britain and France, later known as the Quasi-War.
Four separate laws constituted what is commonly referred to as the " Alien and Sedition Acts "
While government authorities prepared lists of aliens for deportation, many aliens fled the country during the debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Adams never signed a deportation order.
The Alien and Sedition Acts were, however, never appealed to the Supreme Court, whose right of judicial review was not established until Marbury v. Madison in 1803.
In writing the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson warned that, " unless arrested at the threshold ," the Alien and Sedition Acts would " necessarily drive these states into revolution and blood.
" Chernow argues that neither Jefferson nor Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical as the Alien and Sedition Acts themselves.
Crisis in Freedom: The Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1951 )
Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties ( 1967 )
* Alan Taylor, " The Alien and Sedition Acts " in Julian E. Zelizer, ed., The American Congress ( 2004 ), 63 – 76
The Virginia Report of 1799 – 1800, Touching the Alien and Sedition Laws ; together with the Virginia Resolutions of December 21, 1798, the Debate and Proceedings thereon in the House of Delegates of Virginia, and several other documents illustrative of the report and resolutions
* Full Text of Alien and Sedition Acts
* Alien and Sedition Acts and Related Resources from the Library of Congress
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
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It carried the words, " No Stamp Act, No Sedition Act, No Alien Bills, No Land Tax, downfall to the Tyrants of America ; peace and retirement to the President ; Love Live the Vice President ," referring to then-President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson.
It was the most severe sentence up to then imposed under the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Breaking with Hamilton and what became the Federalist Party in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party ( later called by historians the Democratic-Republican Party ) He co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Madison and Jefferson secretly drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts to be unconstitutional and noted that " states, in contesting obnoxious laws, should ' interpose for arresting the progress of the evil.
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ( or Resolves ) were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
The resolutions opposed the federal Alien and Sedition Acts, which extended the powers of the federal government.
The Alien and Sedition Acts were asserted to be unconstitutional, and therefore void, because they dealt with crimes not mentioned in the Constitution:

Alien and Acts
Rather than purporting to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts, the 1798 Resolutions called on the other states to join Kentucky " in declaring these acts void and of no force " and " in requesting their repeal at the next session of Congress ".
" The 1799 Resolutions did not assert that Kentucky would unilaterally refuse to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Rather, the 1799 Resolutions to declared that Kentucky " will bow to the laws of the Union " but would continue " to oppose in a constitutional manner " the Alien and Sedition Acts.

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