Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the Kilwa Sultanate in 1330, and commented favorably on the humility and religion of its ruler, Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman, a descendant of the legendary Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi.

By 1719 dynastic succession led to the nomination of Saif ibn Sultan II.

His candidacy prompted a rivalry among the ulama and a civil war between the two major tribes, the Hinawi and the Ghafiri, with the Ghafiri supporting Saif ibn Sultan II.

Schisms within the ruling family were apparent before Ahmad ibn Said's death in 1783 and were later manifest with the division of the family into two main lines, the Sultan ibn Ahmad Al Said ( r. 1792 – 1806 ) line controlling the maritime state, with nominal control over the entire country ; and the Qais branch, with authority over the Al Batinah and Ar Rustaq areas.

During the period of Sultan Said ibn Sultan Al Said's rule ( 1806 – 1856 ), Oman cultivated its East African colonies, profiting from the slave trade.

The death of Sa ' id bin Sultan in 1856 prompted a further division: the descendants of the late sultan ruled Muscat and Oman ( Thuwaini ibn Said Al-Busaid, r. 1856 – 1866 ) and Zanzibar ( Mayid ibn Said Al-Busaid, r. 1856 – 1870 ); the Qais branch intermittently allied itself with the ulama to restore imamate legitimacy.

In the hope of saving this rare animal, Sultan Qabus ibn Said has declared part of the mountain a national park.

Its capital, Salalah, was the permanent residence of Sultan Said ibn Taimur Al Said and the birthplace of the present sultan, Qabus ibn Said.

In the early nineteenth centuries, continuing bloody conflict involved not only the Al Khalifa, the Al Jalahima, and the Iranians but also the Omanis under Sayyid Said ibn Sultan Al Said, the nascent Wahhabis of Arabia, and the Ottomans.

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سه ‌ لاحه ‌ دین ئه ‌ یوبی, Selah ' edînê Eyubî ) ( 1137 / 1138 – March 4, 1193 ), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty .< ref name =" Minorsky "> A number of contemporary sources make note of this.

According to his The New York Times obituary published on April 3, 1872, Morse received respectively the decoration of the Atiq Nishan-i-Iftikhar ( English: Order of Glory ) medal on wearer's right depicted in photo of Morse with medals, set in diamonds, from the Sultan Ahmad I ibn Mustafa of Turkey ( c. 1847 ), a golden snuff box containing the Prussian gold medal for scientific merit from the King of Prussia ( 1851 ); the Great Gold Medal of Arts and Sciences from the King of Württemberg ( 1852 ); and the Great Golden Medal of Science and Arts from Emperor of Austria ( 1855 ); a cross of Chevalier in the Légion d ' honneur from the Emperor of France ; the Cross of a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog from the King of Denmark ( 1856 ); the Cross of Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, from the Queen of Spain, besides being elected member of innumerable scientific and art societies in this States and other countries.

He was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Badlay who sent envoys to the Sultan of Mamluk Egypt to gather support and arms in the continuing war against the Christian empire.

* Yahya ibn Muhammad, Sultan of Idrisid Dynasty

** Abu Al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, Sultan of Morocco ( d. 1351 )

* March 23 – Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia, defending his lands against the invasion of Nur ibn Mujahid, Sultan of Harar, is killed in battle.

Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia, made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of Granada, and set about collecting funds for a Crusade.

fi: Bandar ibn Sultan

* 12 December 1698 – December 1698: Imam Sa ' if ibn Sultan

When ibn Mardanīsh died in 1172 AD, ‘ Ali ibn Muḥammad swiftly shifted his allegiance to the Almohad Sultan, Abū Ya ’ qūb Yūsuf I, and became one of his military advisers.

Abdülhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد اول ` Abdü ’ l-Ḥamīd-i evvel ), which translates to the Servant of God ( March 20, 1725 – April 7, 1789 ), was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

* 1160-The Almohad Sultan Abd al-Mu ' min ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built.

# Valide Sultan Hüma Hatun, born in Devrekani county of Kastamonu Kiran province, daughter of Abd ' Allah of Hum, Huma meaning a girl / woman from Hum, mother of Mehmed the Conqueror ;

* August 24 – After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abd al-Aziz IV of Morocco is deposed, and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafiz.

* August 12 – Sultan Abd Al-Hafid of Morocco abdicates.

* February 9 – Abd al-Aziz, Ottoman Sultan ( d. 1876 )

Perhaps inspired by the contemporary Turkish War of Independence ( 1919-1921 ), similarly, the Great Revolt for Syrian Independence began in the countryside of Jabal al-Druze, led by Sultan al-Atrash, as a Druze uprising ; the movement was adopted by a group of Syrian nationalists led by Dr Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar and spread to the States of Aleppo, Damascus.

Despite the diplomatic rupture between Morocco and the Two Sicilies in 1830, and the naval warfare engaged against the Austrian Empire as well as with Spain, then headed by Ferdinand VII, Sultan Abderrahmane lent his support to the Algerian insurgency triggered by Abd El-Kader.

de: Sultan ibn Abd al-Aziz

pl: Sultan ibn Abd al-Aziz as-Saud

The combatants were the army of the deposed Moroccan Sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II, with his ally the King Sebastian of Portugal, and a large Moroccan army nominally under the new Sultan of Morocco ( and uncle of Abu Abdallah Mohammed II ) Abd Al-Malik I.

The Sultan Abd Al-Malik also died during the battle, but from natural causes ( the effort of riding was too much for him ), and the news was concealed from his troops until total victory had been secured.

Abd Al-Malik was succeeded as Sultan by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur, also known as Ahmed Addahbi, who conquered Timboktu and the Mali Empire.

Abdelaziz of Morocco ( 24 February 1878 – 10 June 1943 ; ), also known as Mulai Abd al-Aziz IV, served as the Sultan of Morocco from 1894 at the age of sixteen until he was deposed in 1908.

In October 1897 he convinced the Sultan Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga to sign a treaty of alliance which gave France a protectorate over the Kingdom of Baguirmi, which was then threatened by Rabih az-Zubayr, the most powerful ruler in the Chad basin.

Abd al-Malik was one of the sons of the Saadi Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh, who was assassinated by the Ottomans in 1557 by order of Hasan Pasha, son of Barbarossa, as he was preparing for an alliance with Spain against the Ottomans.

When Abd al-Malik became Sultan, he asked Henry III of France that Guillaume Bérard be appointed Consul of France in Morocco.

After losing the throne to Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I in 1576, the ousted Sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II had been able to flee to Portugal and to convince King Sebastian to field a military campaign against Morocco.

It was also known as Bab es Sultan Abd ul Hamid by the Arab workforce for the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II who allowed the building.

After the Sultan of Morocco Abderrahmane read the letter, he asked President Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay to release Abd al-Rahman Ibrahim.

In 1578, Ahmad's brother, Sultan Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi, died in battle against the Portuguese army at Ksar-el-Kebir.

* 1970 – Qaboos bin Said al Said becomes Sultan of Oman after overthrowing his father, Said bin Taimur initiating massive reforms ; modernization programs and end to a decade long civil war.

Impressed by the victory of the Lebanese ruler, the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul gave him the title of Sultan al Barr ( Sultan of Land ).

The king thereupon adopted the Muslim title and name ( in Arabic ) of Sultan ( besides the old Divehi title of Maha Radun or Ras Kilege or Rasgefānu ) Muhammad al Adil, initiating a series of six Islamic dynasties consisting of eighty-four sultans and sultanas that lasted until 1932 when the sultanate became elective.

Gaining widespread recognition, he was appointed court physician to the Grand Vizier Al Qadi al Fadil, then to Sultan Saladin, after whose death he remained a physician to the royal family.

* 1940 – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman

The Sultan of Oman, Qaboos bin Said al Said, criticized Gamal Abdel Nasser and his pan-Arab ideology in private discussions with American officials, which were released by Wikileaks, claiming Nasser deliberately used inflammatory speeches and rhetoric to make his people stupid, and accused Nasser of having " set the region back " and holding a position of " anti-everything.

H. M. Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, the current Sultan of Oman from the Al Said dynasty.

* In the Sultanate of Sulu, the Sultan is addressed as Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan.

The third Sultan, Abū Yūsuf Ya ’ qūb al Manṣūr offered him a job but Ibn ‘ Arabī refused both the job and an offer to marry off his sisters and within days he left Seville heading toward Fes, where they settled.

eo: Zajid bin Sultan al Nahajan

nl: Zayid bin Sultan al Nuhayyan

A non-profit charity organization, Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud Foundation, was set up and funded by Prince Sultan in 1995 for social objectives.

HRH Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud has given the Ashmolean Museum a substantial

The press release added further that ‘ the new gallery, part of the ambitious redevelopment of one of the world ’ s oldest museums, will be named the “ Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud Gallery ”’.

* Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud Foundation

Sultan Hamid, Ali Bahar and Khalid al Shaikh ( a singer and oud player ) are among the most popular musicians from Bahrain.

* Prince Sultan bin Abdurrahman al Sudairi, 1989

* Suleiman bin Mohammed bin Sultan al Sultan from 1950 to 1950

* Fahd bin Sultan bin Abdul Aziz al Saud, 1987