# Renal infections and renal failure.

# REDIRECT renal failure

# Redirect renal cell carcinoma

# Redirect renal function

# renal cortex

# renal capsule

# renal fascia

# reduced renal clearance of calcium

# Corticosteroids: They have been tried with mixed results, with one study showing prevention of progression to renal failure without improvement in proteinuria.

# No evidence of bone lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia, or renal insufficiency related to the paraprotein, and

# the medulla, a disorganized and open area at the fiber's center.

# obex: represents the caudal tip of the fourth ventricle ; the obex is also a marker for the level of the foramen magnum of the skull and therefore is a marker for the imaginary dividing line between the medulla and spinal cord.

Microscopic photograph of the renal medulla

Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney, in comparison with that of other vertebrates, include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids, and of a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla.

Cortical nephrons have their Loop of Henle in the renal medulla near its junction with the renal cortex, while the Loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons is located deep in the renal medulla ; they are called juxtamedullary because their renal corpuscle is located near the medulla ( but still in the cortex ).

As the filtrate descends deeper into the hypertonic interstitium of the renal medulla, water flows freely out of the descending limb by osmosis until the tonicity of the filtrate and interstitium equilibrate.

The collecting duct system begins in the renal cortex and extends deep into the medulla.

The renal medulla is incapable of producing glucose due to absence of necessary enzymes.

They terminate at a remarkably uniform level and it is their line of termination that establishes the boundary between the inner and outer stripes of the outer zone of the renal medulla.

The loop has a sharp bend in the renal medulla going from descending to ascending thin limb.

The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney.

The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids.

The renal medulla ( latin renes medulla = kidney middle ) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood.