The infrared emission could then be assumed to originate at the surface of the moon, while the radio emission originates at some depth beneath the surface, where the temperature variation due to solar radiation is reduced in amplitude and shifted in phase.

For example, one of the most recent results is that, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60 % in the last 50 years.

The outline of the variation in amplitude is called the envelope of the wave.

The form of the variation of amplitude is called the envelope of the wave.

In electronics and communication, flutter is the rapid variation of signal parameters, such as amplitude, phase, and frequency.

Since intensity is proportional to the square of pressure amplitude, this is just a variation on the inverse-square law.

For regular variables, the period of variation and its amplitude can be very well established ; for many variable stars, though, these quantities may vary slowly over time, or even from one period to the next.

The terms vibrato and tremolo are sometimes used interchangeably, although the strict definitions of each describe them as separate effects: vibrato is a periodic variation in the pitch ( frequency ) of a musical note, whereas tremolo usually refers to periodic variations in the volume ( amplitude ) of a musical note.

As a result, the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit contributes a sine wave variation with an amplitude of 7. 66 minutes and a period of one year to the equation of time.

In terms of the equation of time, the inclination of the ecliptic results in the contribution of another sine wave variation with an amplitude of 9. 87 minutes and a period of a half year to the equation of time.

Steady state variation of amplitude with frequency and damping of a driven simple harmonic oscillator.

Global-scale, ocean waves such as equatorial / coastal Kelvin and Rossby waves drive interannual variation of the ITF with an amplitude of roughly +/- 3 Sv.

Schötz & Eklund ( 2011 ) also observed considerable variation between the four cats as regards relative amplitude, duration and frequency between egressive and ingressive phases, but that this variation generally occurred within the same general range.

The paraxial approximation places certain upper limits on the variation of the amplitude function A with respect to longitudinal distance z.

In some cases, such as in noise-cancelling headphones, the summed variation has a smaller amplitude than the component variations ; this is called destructive interference.

In other cases, such as in Line Array, the summed variation will have a bigger amplitude than any of the components individually ; this is called constructive interference.

The depth variation results in significant temperature variations, varying seasonally ( from 0 to 28 ° C ) and daily ( 7. 5 ° C of amplitude the summer, 10 ° C the winter ), and is a significant factor in the biodiversity of the river.

The continental climatic element is attributed to the high amplitude of annual temperature variation, to such a degree that the difference between mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperature, exceeds.

* A periodic beat-to-beat variation in the amplitude or shape of the T wave may be termed T wave alternans.

The amplitude of this variation changes slowly with time.

A modulation frequency of 40 cps with an amplitude as small as possible, commensurate with reasonably good signal-to-noise quality, was used.

In the mid-1870s, a form of amplitude modulation — initially called " undulatory currents "— was the first method to successfully produce quality audio over telephone lines.

Even in the COBE map, it was observed that the quadrupole ( l = 2 spherical harmonic ) has a low amplitude compared to the predictions of the big bang.

The first use for the diode was the demodulation of amplitude modulated ( AM ) radio broadcasts.

If the vagus nerve on the first heart was stimulated, negative inotropic ( beat amplitude ) and chronotropic ( beat rate ) activity were seen in both hearts.

It was thought that the oscillating electromagnetic fields caused the atoms ' field to resonate and, after reaching a certain amplitude, caused a subatomic " corpuscle " to be emitted, and current to be detected.

This was not an unsound proposal considering that macroscopic oscillators operate similarly: when studying five simple harmonic oscillators of equal amplitude but different frequency, the oscillator with the highest frequency possesses the highest energy ( though this relationship is not linear like Planck's ).

According to the classical theory of light and matter, the strength or amplitude of a light wave was in proportion to its brightness: a bright light should have been easily strong enough to create a large current.

The idea behind the theory was the observation that the average amplitude of thermal vibrations increases with increasing temperature.

CW signals did not have audio amplitude modulation, so a different detector was needed.

He concluded additional inductance was required to prevent amplitude and time delay distortion of the transmitted signal.

This confirmed the earlier observation by Marin Mersenne that the period of a pendulum does vary with its amplitude, and that Galileo's observation of isochronism was accurate only for small swings .< ref >

In 1926, just a few days after Schrödinger's fourth and final paper was published, Max Born successfully interpreted ψ as the probability amplitude, whose absolute square is equal to probability density.

In 2012, the HFT method was introduced, and both the amplitude and the phase information are made use of.

An improvement over the 8080 was that the 8085 can itself drive a piezoelectric crystal directly connected to it, and a built in clock generator generates the internal high amplitude two-phase clock signals at half the crystal frequency ( a 6. 14 MHz crystal would yield a 3. 07 MHz clock, for instance ).

16VSB was notably intended to be used for ATSC digital cable, but quadrature amplitude modulation ( QAM ) has become the de facto industry standard instead.

Early attempts were made to use radiotelephone using amplitude modulation and single-sideband modulation within the band starting from 20 kHz, but the result was unsatisfactory because the available bandwidth was insufficient to contain the sidebands.

For example, a visual stimulus was flickered at Fv Hz and a simultaneously-presented auditory tone was amplitude modulated at Fa Hz.

Then the size of the squares was progressively increased so as to give a plot of evoked potential amplitude versus check size ( hence “ sweep ”).

In one study, created to investigate the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics, it was found that “ perceived embarrassed / nervous smiles had greater amplitude, longer duration … related to those perceived as polite .” Work by John Gottman has shown that smiling and other such expressions of positive emotions are important to shaping relationships with others ; researchers could predict the quality of marriages many years into the future based on the number of such interactions ( see also agreeableness ).

This pair-creation amplitude was first calculated by Julian Schwinger in 1951.