Jury instructions are the set of legal rules that jurors ought follow when deciding a case.

Unlike office holders ( magistrates ) who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct, the jurors could not be censured, for they, in effect, were the people and no authority could be higher than that.

Grand juries were once common across Canada and old courthouses with the two jury boxes necessary to accommodate the 24 jurors of a grand jury can still be seen.

During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least twelve of the grand jurors, ( e. g., for a twenty-three-person grand jury, twelve people would constitute a bare majority ).

He ordered a census be taken, which forced a reduction in the grain dole, and that jurors could only come from the Senate or the equestrian ranks.

The jury instructions provide something of a flow chart on what verdict jurors should deliver based on what they determine to be true.

Roman law provided for the yearly selection of judices, who would be responsible for resolving disputes by acting as jurors, with a praetor performing many of the duties of a judge.

An interesting innovation was introduced in Russia in the judicial reform of Alexander II: unlike in modern jury trials, jurors decided not only whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty, but they had the third choice: " Guilty, but not to be punished ", since Alexander II believed that justice without morality is wrong.

Another issue with jury trials is the potential for jurors to be swayed by prejudice, including racial considerations.

In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a " reasonable time ".

Following the English tradition, US juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous.

Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors.

In Anglo-Saxon legal procedure, the offence of perjury could only be committed by both jurors and by compurgators.

It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by " historical accident ," and that a jury of six would be sufficient but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury.

Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased.

Since a jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict, there are often procedures and requirements, for instance, fluent understanding of the language, or the ability to test jurors or otherwise exclude jurors who might be perceived as less than neutral or more partial to hear one side or the other.

Then, when the case went to the jury, the judge excused one of the jurors, saying the juror had told him he had been accosted by masked men at his motel the night before the trial opened.

She also told the audience of law students that, as a lower-court judge, she would sometimes instruct juries to not follow the film's example, because most of the jurors ' conclusions are based on speculation, not fact.

A man from there told Demos about Cleon's plot to murder jurors en masse by inducing flatulence ( line 899 ).

The judge did not to give the jury the option of lesser charges of manslaughter or negligent homicide, and told the jurors they must convict or acquit Saldívar on the sole charge of first-degree murder.

Instead, the Penske payments were eventually invested in a deferred compensation deal with the Dutch firm Fintage Licensing B. V. Castroneves ' attorney Roy Black told jurors in closing arguments that such deals are common — and perfectly legal — for athletes who have relatively short careers and face injury or worse at any moment.

Responding to a juror's note stating that "... at this point we are at an impasse and do not believe that we will be able to reach a unanimous verdict ...", U. S. District Judge Royce C. Lamberth told the jurors to resume deliberations.

" Within days of the Oct. 9 guilty verdict, two of the 12 jurors in Hedgecock's case alleged in sworn statements that Burroughs jury bailiff provided jurors with alcohol, told them stories, guided deliberations and pressured the jury to reach a quick verdict ," and even expressed his opinion that the defendant was guilty.

Prosecutors told jurors that a 2007 meeting between the defendants had been bugged by police, and revealed that SHAC supported illegal acts that were traced to attacks on people across Britain.

As part of Greek politician Aiskhines ( Aeschines )' proof that a member of the prosecution against him, Timarkhos ( Timarchus ), had prostituted himself to ( or been " kept " by ) another male while young, he attributed fellow prosecutor Demosthenes ' nickname Batalos (" arse ") to his " unmanliness and kinaidiā and frequently commented on his " unmanly and womanish temper ", even criticising his clothing: " If anyone took those dainty little coats and soft shirts off you ... and took them round for the jurors to handle, I think they'd be quite unable to say, if they hadn't been told in advance, whether they had hold of a man's clothing or a woman's.

It turned out that one of the first set of jurors had gone to a political club in Southsea in the evening and told those present that he was on the jury for the Straffen case, that Straffen was not guilty, and that one of the prosecution witnesses had murdered Linda Bowyer.

In New Zealand, jurors are typically told throughout a trial that the offence must be proved " beyond reasonable doubt ", and judges usually include this in the summing-up.

Gardner told jurors Wilhelm was shot at a downward angle through the stomach which severed Wilhelm ’ s spine and paralyzed him.

One of the jurors later told the newspaper The Australian that although he considered the men guilty of murder, he could not convict a white man of killing an Aboriginal person:

Connie Marcello told jurors in 2007 that James Marcello had given her thousands of dollars a month in cash.

Increasingly, responsibility was shifted from the assembly to the courts, with laws being made by jurors and all assembly decisions becoming reviewable by courts.

After each prospective juror has answered the general slate of questions the attorneys may ask followup questions of some or all prospective jurors.

Fonda shared the Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations with co-producer Reginald Rose and won the 1958 BAFTA Award for Best Actor for his performance as " Juror # 8 ", who with logic and persistence eventually sways all the jurors to an acquittal.

To protect himself further, Tiberius Gracchus won re-election to the tribunate in 133 BC, promising to shorten the term of military service, abolish the exclusive right of senators to act as jurors and include other social classes, and admit allies to Roman citizenship, all moves popular with the Assembly.

In the Domesday Book three lords were associated with Swaffham: Walter Giffard, with the largest manor ; his tenant Hugh Bolebec, who held all of the Giffard land there ; and Aubrey de Vere I, who held a smaller manor at Swaffham which the Domesday jurors said Aubrey had seized without the king's permission.

Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, regardless of exactly why she did so, combined with the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided what inquest jurors deemed a plausible explanation for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of dress, as reported by Franklin and Carr.

Thereafter the sausage seller's accusations become increasingly absurd: Cleon is accused of waging a campaign against buggery in order to stifle opposition ( because all the best orators are buggers ) and he is said to have brought down the price of silphium so that jurors who bought it would suffocate each other with their flatulence.

I intend, then, to pay special regard to the jury lists, to excite public attention continually to the jury arrangements of this city ; and, above all, to publish a series of interesting lectures on " the office and duty of jurors ", more especially in cases of sedition, where the " law " is at one side, and the liberty of their country at the other ... this same anticipated prosecution is one of the chief weapons wherewith we mean to storm and sack the enchanted Castle.

In April 1994, District Attorney Dillon sought a gag order for all lawyers involved in the case, arguing Kunstler and Kuby had made statements to the media that might be inadmissible during the trial and could influence potential jurors.

Since most blacks had been disfranchised by Arkansas ' requirements, they were not allowed to serve as jurors, therefore the jury members were all white.

The Seventh Circuit overturned all the convictions on November 21, 1972 due to Hoffman's refusal to let defense lawyers question the prospective jurors on racial and cultural biases ; the Justice Department did not retry the case.

On November 21, 1972, all of the convictions were reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit on the basis that the judge was biased in his refusal to permit defense attorneys to screen prospective jurors for cultural and racial bias.

Meanwhile, the Pope repudiated the " jurors " who had signed the oath, especially bishops who had ordained new, elected clergy, and above all Bishop Louis-Alexandre Expilly de la Poipe.

In all prosecutions pursuant to the GEORGIA CODE OF 1848, the slave owner was deemed to be on the side of the slave, and could strike seven jurors to the state ’ s five strikes.

* A joint committee of councillors and grand jurors was to approve all capital expenditure and appointment of officers.

When the jury are called to deliver a verdict after majority directions have been given, a careful protocol of questions is followed: only in the event of a guilty verdict is it then asked whether or not all jurors were agreed on that verdict.

On the other hand, a " not proven " verdict is not at all considered as damaging for " the credibility, honesty and reliability of women " ( footnote 65 in ), since it indicates that the jurors do believe them, even if the total evidence is not sufficient for a conviction.

Trial consultants work on all stages of a case from helping to organize testimony, preparing witnesses to testify, picking juries, and even arranging " shadow jurors " to watch the trial unfold and provide input on the trial.

According to one of the jurors, all defendants, including LaRouche, would have been found not guilty.

In the case at issue, the defense peremptorily challenged nine potential jurors and the prosecutor, Joe Gutmann, peremptorily challenged six, including all four black persons, and a jury composed only of white persons was selected.

It is that state of the case, which, after the entire comparison and consideration of all the evidence, leaves the minds of jurors in that condition that they cannot say they feel an abiding

On November 21, 1972, all of the convictions were reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit on the basis the judge was biased in his refusal to permit defense attorneys to screen prospective jurors for cultural and racial bias.

After giving a speech to the jurors on how capitalism in the United States is harmed by efforts of large corporations against small entrepreneurs like himself, Tucker is acquitted on all charges.