The United States federal courts are divided into twelve regional circuits, each with a circuit court of appeals ( plus a thirteenth, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which hears appeals in patent cases and cases against the federal government, without geographic limitation ).

In some cases, appeals are also handled internally ( for example, EPA's Environmental Appeals Board ).

Appeals from the Court of Appeal are sent to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, which essentially is the same body as the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords.

Appeals are treated almost as new trials, and three degrees of trial are present.

Appeals are dealt with by the Staff of Government Division with final appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom.

' Lower courts then set guidelines for identifying ' junk science ,' such as the 2005 opinion of United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Judge Easterbrook, ' Positive reports about magnetic water treatment are not replicable ; this plus the lack of a physical explanation for any effects are hallmarks of junk science.

Appeals for Whitacre's full pardon or clemency to the White House are supported by several current and former justice department officials: Dean Paisley, a retired 25-year veteran and former FBI supervisor on the price-fixing case ; two other FBI agents involved with the case ; a former Attorney General of the United States ; one of the former Asst.

Appeals in standard judicial processes, if appealed to the Apostolic See, normally are not handled by the Signatura.

" Fraud upon the court " has been defined by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals to " embrace that species of fraud which does, or attempts to, defile the court itself, or is a fraud perpetrated by officers of the court so that the judicial machinery can not perform in the usual manner its impartial task of adjudging cases that are presented for adjudication ".

The Cour de Cassation ( Highest Appeals Court, equivalent to the U. S. Supreme Court ) and the Constitutional Council, the justices of which are named by the President, are the nation's highest tribunals.

Maryland's jury trial courts are called " Circuit Courts " ( non-jury trials are usually conducted by the " District Courts ," whose decisions may be appealed to the Circuit Courts ), and the intermediate appellate court is called the " Court of Special Appeals ".

Appeals filed prior to that date are heard by the Appellate Division of the District Court.

Appeals from the federal District Court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Appeals and writs that are related to a current action do not count as “ final determinations ” or additional determinations, because until all avenues of appeal have been exhausted the determinations cannot be construed as “ final ”.

Consequently, New York trial judges are called " justices ", while the judges on the Court of Appeals are " judges ".

Appeals from courts of limited jurisdiction are frequently sent to state trial courts of general jurisdiction rather than to an appellate court.

* In Maryland and New York, the Court of Appeals is the highest state court, and in New York the Supreme Court, Civil Court, and Criminal Court collectively are lower.

Appeals are heard by the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada.

, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals recognized this principle but added that collisions between automobiles and motorcycles frequently lead to the death of the motorcyclist, and therefore a presumption that unlawful deadly force was used in such intentional collisions is more appropriate.

The Kentucky Court of Appeals has a headquarters building and courtroom in Frankfort, the state capital, but unlike the Kentucky Supreme Court the three judge panels of the Kentucky Court of Appeals frequently hear cases in courthouses all over Kentucky.

On December 14, 2010, in United States v. Warshak, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy in his emails and that the government violated Warshak's Fourth Amendment rights by compelling his internet service provider to turn over his emails without first obtaining a warrant based upon probable cause.

The thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter.

In 1942, he was elected state district court judge for Bienville, Claiborne, and Jackson parishes, a position that he held until January 1, 1954, when he became a judge of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals based in Shreveport.

* Louisiana Chief Justice Albert Tate, Jr., who later served on the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, based in New Orleans.

It is made up of ten provinces, based loosely on the area originally under the jurisdiction of the Göta Court of Appeals ( established in 1634 ), to which the Scanian lands, Gotland and Bohuslän were added in 1658 – 79:

According to the text of the ensuing decision from the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Padilla's detention as an " enemy combatant " ( pursuant to the President's order ) was based on the following reasons:

The Davidson County Chancery Court dismissed the lawsuit in 2003, but the Tennessee Court of Appeals ruled in May 2005 that the university must pay damages based on the present value of the United Daughters of the Confederacy's contribution if the inscription bearing the name " Confederate Memorial Hall " was removed from the building or altered.

The court is composed of seventeen active judges and is based at the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana, with the clerk's office located at the F. Edward Hebert Federal Building in New Orleans.

The court is based at the Elbert P. Tuttle U. S. Court of Appeals Building in Atlanta, Georgia, named for Elbert Tuttle.

* 19 – The District of Columbia Court of Appeals rules in Dean v. District of Columbia that the district's human rights ordinance barring discrimination based on sexual orientation does not guarantee a right to same-sex marriage.

The book is based in part on ongoing research he has done regarding Puerto Rico's vexing political status problem since he testified as Attorney General on behalf of the first Bush administration on the issue before the Energy and Natural Resources Committee of the United States Senate in 1991 and for an amicus curiae brief he filed in a Puerto Rico voting rights case before the U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.

The ruling was based on the previous Supreme Court's decisions, by which the Court of Appeals was bound.

The New York Court of Appeals had dismissed the claim based on an interpretation of the Nonintercourse Act and an invocation of the statute of limitations for the state enabling act which enabled the Seneca to sue in state court ; the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal because of the adequate and independent state grounds doctrine.

The Supreme Court reversed a decision by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit based on how the lower court defined the capabilities of a PHOSITA.

Appeals are based exclusively on new evidence or errors by the judge or prosecution ( but not the defense ), or jury irregularities.

He quipped that the pro-busing judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, based in New Orleans, were " drinking in the French Quarter and reading dirty books.

He possessed a deep insight into human psychology based on a reverence for public duty which is best demonstrated in his selection of the first judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals.

* 31 – In U. S. v. Blaylockthe United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit denied an appeal based on the exclusion of a potential juror which the defendant alleged was based on the juror's sexual orientation.

Since the ICTR has two representatives at the shared Appeals Chamber ( together with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ), Justice Weinberg de Roca was designated as a member of the Appeals Chamber on June 4, 2003, and thus she became a permanent Judge of the ICTY, based in The Hague, Netherlands.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated an injunction granted in Kirby's favor by a lower court in that Circuit based on similar trademark claims against an unauthorized distributor.

The filer of these suits stated they were based on the same arguments used by Donetsk Administrative Court of Appeals that on 21 April satisfied an appeal that deprived Roman Shukhevych the Hero of Ukraine title, as Shukhevych was not a citizen of Ukraine.

The District Court for the State of Hawaii ruled against Rice, due to its conclusion ( as summarized by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ) that " the method of electing OHA trustees meets constitutional standards for the essential reason that the restriction on the right to vote is not based on race, but upon recognition of the unique status of native Hawaiians that bears a rational connection to Hawaii's trust obligations.