The term ' alternative medicine ' is generally used to describe practices used independently or in place of conventional medicine.

It is generally categorized as complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ).

Members of these professions generally complete a minimum of 2 years science studies, followed by a four-year undergraduate program in medicine to earn either the Doctor of Medicine ( M. D.

The practitioners of these medicine in these countries are generally referred to as Ved, Hakim and homeopathic doctor / homeopath / homeopathic physician, respectively.

In contrast to much of medical anthropology, it does not generally take a critical approach to biomedicine and Western medicine.

The people of the sub-Saharan are generally very familiar with this frog, and some cultures use it as a source of protein, an aphrodisiac, or as fertility medicine.

Barber-surgeons generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a specialty of medicine, rather than an accessory field.

While parents were critical of the premise due to its inclusion of medicine in a children's game, Dr. Mario and its re-releases received generally favorable reviews.

Examples are a dietary regimen, herbal medicine ( including the use of medical cannabis ), hyperbaric oxygenation and self-infection with hookworm ( known generally as helminthic therapy ).

Today, most governments recognize the importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence of disease, disability, the effects of ageing and health inequities, although public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine.

Elsewhere, the designations " naturopath ", " naturopathic doctor ", and " doctor of natural medicine " are generally unprotected.

Osteopathic treatment is generally considered complementary to mainstream medicine.

Botanical medicine prescribed by an inyanga or herbal healer is generally known as muti, but the term muti also applies to other traditional medical formulations, including those that are zoological or mineral in composition.

The first institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, Spain and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology.

This is not due to genetics, but because of environmental factors such as disease, accidents, and malnutrition, especially since the former were not generally treatable with pre-20th century medicine.

Medical Physics is generally speaking the application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine / healthcare.

Dependent on scope of practice, the main types of medicine are life saving medications, which may be commonly found in first aid kits used by paid or assigned first aiders for members of the public or employees, painkillers, which are often found in personal kits, but may also be found in public provision and lastly symptomatic relief medicines, which are generally only found in personal kits.

Richard Norris, a doctor of medicine and professor of physiology at Queen's College, Birmingham, is generally credited with the first development of dry collodion plate in the 1860s.

The nuclear medicine whole body bone scan is generally used in evaluations of various bone related pathology, such as for bone pain, stress fracture, nonmalignant bone lesions, bone infections, or the spread of cancer to the bone.

Nuclear medicine imaging studies are generally more organ or tissue specific ( e. g.: lungs scan, heart scan, bone scan, brain scan, etc.

For example, a 2007 Cochrane review found promising evidence for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in relieving painful menstruation, compared to conventional medicine such as NSAIDs and the oral contraceptive pill, but the findings have to be interpreted with caution due to the generally low methodological quality of the included studies ( as, amongst others, data for placebo control could not be obtained ).

Stills have been used to produce perfume and medicine, Water for Injection ( WFI ) for pharmaceutical use, generally to separate and purify different chemicals, and most famously, to produce distilled beverages containing ethyl alcohol.

Alternative medicine is frequently grouped with complementary medicine or integrative medicine, which, in general, refers to the same interventions when used in conjunction with mainstream techniques, under the umbrella term complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM.

In medicine, aetiology refers to the many factors coming together to cause an illness.

Complementary medicine usually refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while alternative medicine refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine.

In medicine, KUB refers to a diagnostic medical imaging technique of the abdomen and stands for Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder.

Around the world the term physician refers to a specialist in internal medicine or one of its many sub-specialties ( especially as opposed to a specialist in surgery ).

The scientific revolution refers to the history of science in the early modern period, where development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Universal precautions refers to the practice, in medicine, of avoiding contact with patients ' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, and face shields.

Osteopathy or osteopath as written in some U. S. state and federal laws refers only to osteopathic medicine or osteopathic physicians, respectively.

In biology and medicine, the term " gonad " can refer to either male gonads ( testes ) or female gonads ( ovaries ); but the vernacular or slang use of " gonads " ( or " nads ") usually only refers to the testes.

" Paracelsus ", meaning " equal to or greater than Celsus ", refers to the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the 1st century, known for his tract on medicine.

Medical cannabis refers to the parts of the herb cannabis used as a physician-recommended form of medicine or herbal therapy, or to synthetic forms of specific cannabinoids such as THC as a physician-recommended form of medicine.

Much historical evidence of use of nettles in medicine, folk remedies, cooking and fibre production relate to one species-Urtica dioica, but a fair amount also refers to the use of Urtica urens, the small nettle, which is preferred because it has more stinging hairs per leaf area than the more common species.

In medicine, wasting refers to the process by which a debilitating disease causes muscle and fat tissue to " waste " away.

Medieval medicine was an evolving mixture of the scientific and the spiritual like Unani.

It contains a mixture of magic and medicine with invocations to banish disease and a catalogue of useful plants, minerals, magic amulets and spells.

Also known as a " starter cake " ( 麴餅 ; ) or " liquor medicine " ( 酒藥, 酒药 ; ), the liquor starters for Chinese alcoholic beverages are cakes or pastes containing a complex mixture of various yeasts, molds, and bacteria, which are used to inoculate the grains.

Medieval medicine in Western Europe was composed of a mixture of existing ideas from antiquity, spiritual influences and what Claude Lévi-Strauss identifies as the " shamanistic complex " and " social consensus.

The taste of Salmiakki Koskenkorva resembles strongly that of black licorice and cough medicine ( this is because the original mixture, see Apteekin salmiakki, used in Salmiakki Koskenkorva is also used in cough medicines ), and has the additional effect of increasing salivation.

Dyscrasia is a concept from ancient Macedonian medicine with the word " dyskrasia ", meaning bad mixture.

In the Indian Unani system of medicine, " hudar " is a mixture containing Strychnos nux-vomica and used to elevate blood pressure. The seeds are first immersed in water for 5 days, in milk for 2 days followed by their boiling in milk.