Some of the state legislatures are bicameral, patterned after the two houses of the national parliament.

In the federal ( bicameral ) kingdom of Belgium, there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three " territorial " regions — Flanders ( Dutch ), Brussels ( bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces ) and Wallonia ( French )— and three cultural communities — Flemish ( Dutch, competent in Flanders and for the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels ), Francophone ( French, for Wallonia and for Francophones in Brussels ) and German ( for speakers of that language in a few designated municipalities in the east of the Walloon Region, living alongside Francophones but under two different regimes )

Similarly in Argentina, in addition to the Senate at federal level, eight of the country's provinces, Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis ( since 1987 ) and Santa Fe, have bicameral legislatures with a Senate.

In all bicameral legislatures, the smaller chamber is called the Senate and is usually referred to as the upper house.

Category: Defunct bicameral legislatures

In some countries with federal systems, individual states ( like those of the United States, Australia and a few States of India ) may also have bicameral legislatures.

In his book on political issues, Do I Stand Alone ?, Ventura argued that bicameral legislatures for provincial and local areas were excessive and unnecessary, and discussed unicameralism as a reform that could address many legislative and budgetary problems for states.

in Argentina, eight provinces have bicameral legislatures, with a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies: Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis ( since 1987 ) and Santa Fe.

Similarly, many formerly Communist states, such as Ukraine, Moldova and Serbia, have retained their unicameral legislatures, though others, such as Russia and Poland, adopted bicameral legislatures after the fall of Communism.

Category: Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures

The Court decided that in states with bicameral legislatures both houses had to be apportioned on this standard, voiding the provision of the Arizona Constitution which had provided for two state senators from each county and similar provisions elsewhere.

Its bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures.

* In the United States of America, House of Assembly was the name generally given to the legislatures of the original British colonies ( such as that of Delaware ), and the Assembly is the name given by many current US states to their bicameral legislatures.

With a total of 60 lawmakers, the Alaska Legislature is the smallest bicameral state legislature in the United States and the second-smallest of all state legislatures ( only the 49-member unicameral Nebraska Legislature is smaller ).

While such committees are common in the United States Congress and legislatures in other countries with Presidential Systems, they are no longer in use in the Parliament of the United Kingdom or most other bicameral Westminster system parliaments.

This was a holdover from the legislature's historic bicameral structure — instead of simply abolishing its upper house as most Canadian provinces with historically bicameral legislatures did, Prince Edward Island merged the two houses in 1893.

The Constitutional Committee proposed a bicameral legislature, but the motion was defeated 10 September 1789 ( 849-89 ) in favour of one house ; the next day, they proposed an absolute veto, but were again defeated ( 673-325 ) in favour of a suspensive veto, which could be over-ridden by three consecutive legislatures.

Category: Defunct bicameral legislatures

In bicameral legislatures, the counterpart to the minority leader in the lower house is often the Speaker and the majority leader is hence only the second-most senior member of the majority caucus, whereas in the upper house the titular Speaker is often a separately-elected officer such as a lieutenant governor and the majority leader may in fact be the single most powerful member of the majority caucus.

Category: Defunct bicameral legislatures

Americans had never known anything but bicameral legislatures, both in Britain and in most state governments.

The Belgian Congo was granted its independence with what seemed a workable Western-style form of government: there were to be a president and a premier, and a bicameral legislature elected by universal suffrage in the provinces.

The bicameral system was also established there.

When the bicameral mind speaks, there is no introspection.

It housed the tribal governor, the bicameral legislature and other government officials and clerks, The territorial court also met there from time to time.

Six Indian States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh have Bicameral Legislatures, these are called legislative councils ( Vidhan Parishad ), one third of who get elected every 6 years, there are graduate constituencies ( members elected exclusively by graduates ), teachers constituencies ( members elected exclusively by teachers ), municipal constituencies ( members elected exclusively by Mayors and council members of the city Governments ). From 1956 to 1958 the Andhra Pradesh Legislature was Unicameral and from 1958 when the Council was formed, it became bicameral and continued until 1 June 1985 when the Legislative Council was abolished. This continued until March 2007 when the Legislative Council was reestablished and elections were held for its seats.

Since the first multi-party elections held after the start of Communist rule, there have been eight speakers of the parliament ; the first five, executing the office until constitutional amendments in March 2001, were also speakers of the Chamber of Deputies ( since the parliament was bicameral at the time ).

There were also some ideas to reform the parliament into bicameral, however there was not much of public support for its realization.

* In some cases, a bicameral legislature may have an " upper house " that is not directly elected, such as the Canadian Senate, which was in turn modeled on the British House of Lords.

The Legislative Branch may be organized as a unicameral or a bicameral system ( that is, either one or two chambers or houses ).

Legislative power is vested in the bicameral parliament, the National Assembly, however the president may enact decrees that are executed the same way as laws, for undisputed time.

As the Parliament is bicameral, the Leader of the House must also be aware of developments in the Senate, for example, in order to anticipate whether a bill may be returned to the House with amendments.

The legislative power of the government is vested in a bicameral parliament called Tynwald ( said to be the world's oldest continuously existing parliament ), which consists of the directly elected House of Keys and the indirectly chosen Legislative Council.

Akayev scheduled an October 1994 referendum, overwhelmingly approved by voters, which proposed two amendments to the constitution — one that would allow the constitution to be amended by means of a referendum, and the other creating a new bicameral parliament called the Jogorku Kenesh.

Akayev scheduled an October 1994 referendum, overwhelmingly approved by voters, that proposed two amendments to the Constitution, one that would allow the Constitution to be amended by means of a referendum, and the other creating a new bicameral parliament called the Jogorku Keņesh.

It began when the government introduced a law permitting the formation of other political parties, announced that it would be prepared to share power with representatives of opposition groups in the event of a coalition government, and issued a new constitution providing for a new bicameral National Assembly ( Meli Shura ), consisting of a Senate ( Sena ) and a House of Representatives ( Wolesi Jirga ), and a president to be indirectly elected to a 7-year term.

After extensive deliberations attended by regional actors and international observers, the conference ended in a signed agreement between TFG President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, Speaker of Parliament Sharif Adan Sharif Hassan, Puntland President Abdirahman Mohamed Farole, Galmudug President Mohamed Ahmed Alim and Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jama ' a representative Khalif Abdulkadir Noor stipulating that: a ) a new 225 member bicameral parliament would be formed, consisting of an upper house seating 54 Senators as well as a lower house ; b ) 30 % of the National Constituent Assembly ( NCA ) is earmarked for women ; c ) the President is to be appointed via a constitutional election ; and d ) the Prime Minister is selected by the President and he / she then names his / her Cabinet.

After extensive deliberations attended by regional actors and international observers, the conference ended in a signed agreement between TFG President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, Speaker of Parliament Sharif Adan Sharif Hassan, Puntland President Abdirahman Mohamed Farole, Galmudug President Mohamed Ahmed Alim and Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jama ' a representative Khalif Abdulkadir Noor stipulating that: a ) a new 225 member bicameral parliament would be formed, consisting of an upper house seating 54 Senators as well as a lower house ; b ) 30 % of the National Constituent Assembly ( NCA ) is earmarked for women ; c ) the President is to be appointed via a constitutional election ; and d ) the Prime Minister is selected by the President and he / she then names his / her Cabinet.

These negotiations resulted in an agreement which stated that a great degree of political power would be given to a newly created bicameral legislature.

The organs of the state were to be a bicameral Legislative Corps, to be elected in indirect elections, and a Directoire-like Executive of five members.

With the help of Sémonville he now started to push a project of constitutional reform that followed the French Constitution of the Year VIII in important respects: a bicameral legislature would be appointed by a " National College " ( akin to the French Senate ) from a list of names produced by a convoluted system of national elections.

It introduced a bicameral system boasting a wholly elected thirty-five-member Legislative Assembly and a thirteen-member Senate to be appointed by the governor.

Legislative authority is vested in a bicameral National Diet and, whereas previously the upper house had consisted of members of the nobility, the new constitution provided that both chambers be directly elected.

Psychologist Julian Jaynes proposed that this is a temporary accessing of the bicameral mind ; that is, a temporary separating of functions, such that the authoritarian part of the mind seems to literally be speaking to the person as if a separate ( and external ) voice.

Although the ideas on which bicameralism are based can be traced back to the theories developed in Ancient Sumer and later ancient Greece, ancient India, and Rome, recognizable bicameral institutions first arose in medieval Europe where they were associated with separate representation of different estates of the realm.

Functioning similarly, it is often said to be an upper house such as the US Senate or the Russian Federation Council or the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, although the German constitution does not declare the Bundestag and Bundesrat to form houses of a bicameral parliament ( the word " Parliament " does not even appear in the Constitution ).

There can be smaller caucuses in a legislative body, including those that are multi-partisan or even bicameral.

The people were to be represented by a bicameral parliament, with a directly elected Volkshaus and a Staatenhaus of representatives sent by the individual confederated states.

The bicameral legislature, whose members would all be elected by the people, would itself elect all the officers of the executive and judicial branches.