In Hobbes's view, once a civil government is instituted, the state of nature has disappeared between individuals because of the civil power which exists to enforce contracts and the laws of nature generally.

That would be congruent with Hobbes's view on the subject, but not with most modern definitions that see democracy as a necessary condition of popular sovereignty.

" Or finally, one might resort to Hobbes's view: " The right of nature whereby God reigneth over men, and punisheth those that break his laws, is to be derived, not from his creating them ( as if he required obedience, as of gratitude for his benefits ), but from his irresistible power.

The predominance of this view of liberty among parliamentarians during the English Civil War resulted to the creation of the liberal concept of freedom as non-interference in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan.

( There is another view, which is that this collection is Hobbes's own work.

Shaftesbury was reacting to Thomas Hobbes's justification of royal absolutism in his Leviathan, Chapter XIII, in which he famously holds that the state of nature is a " war of all against all " in which men's lives are " solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short ".

Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights ; Hobbes asserted that men consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government ( whether monarchial or parliamentary ); Pufendorf disputed Hobbes's equation of a state of nature with war ; Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority ; and Rousseau believed that democracy ( self-rule ) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law.

The Jewish philosopher and pantheist Baruch Spinoza echoed Hobbes's doubts about the provenance of the historical books in his A Theologico-Political Treatise ( published in 1670 ), and elaborated on the suggestion that the final redaction of these texts was post-exilic under the auspices of Ezra ( Chapter IX ).

The Second Treatise was traditionally taken to be a refutation of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, the latter's support of absolute monarchism seemingly antithetical to Locke's ideal majoritarian government.

Nevertheless, he was contemptuous and afraid of the Enlightenment, led by intellectuals such as Rousseau, Voltaire, and Turgot, who disbelieved in divine moral order and original sin, saying that society should be handled like a living organism, that people and society are limitlessly complicated, thus, leading him to conflict with Thomas Hobbes's assertion that politics might be reducible to a deductive system akin to mathematics.

Tarantino was best known for his critique of Thomas Hobbes, which focused on the relationship between Hobbes's logic and psychology.

“ This doctrine is rooted in Aristotle's conception of the soul, and has antecedents in Hobbes's conception of the mind as a ‘ calculating machine ’, but it has become fully articulated ( and popularly endorsed ) only in the last third of the 20th century .” In so far as it mediates stimulus and response, a mental function is analogous to a program that processes input / output in automata theory.

The Old Library, assembled mainly during the 19th century, has many valuable books from as far back as the 15th century ( the older ones are held in the university library ), and includes an original edition of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan.

Early works of biblical criticism, such as Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan and Spinoza's Theologico-Political Treatise, as well as works by lesser-known authors such as Richard Simon and Isaac La Peyrère, paved the way for the development of critical deism.

It is an answer to Hobbes's famous doctrine that moral distinctions are created by the state, an answer from the standpoint of Platonism.

Part 6 is perhaps an under-emphasised feature of Hobbes's argument: his is explicitly in favour of censorship of the press and restrictions on the rights of free speech should they be considered desirable by the sovereign in order to promote order.

Part 6 is a perhaps under-emphasised feature of Hobbes's argument: his is explicitly in favour of censorship of the press and restrictions on the rights of free speech, should they be considered desirable by the sovereign in order to promote order.

Unlike Hobbes's natural man, Rousseau's is not motivated by fear of death because he cannot conceive of that end, thus fear of death already suggests a movement out of the state of nature.

Among these are many rare 17th-century manuscripts and an original edition of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan given as a personal gift to the College: Hobbes prepared this work while at Magdalen Hall.

follows Hobbes in attempting to provide a fully naturalistic account of the normative force of obligation and of the idea of a rational dictate, although he rejects Hobbes's theory that these derive entirely from instrumental rationality.

He arranged for the publication of Hobbes's De Cive in Amsterdam in 1647, published a French translation in 1649, published a French translation of Hobbes ' De Corpore Politico, or the Elements of Law in 1652, and helped secure a publisher for Hobbes's own Latin translation of Leviathan in 1668.

The book is not one that could occupy the Leviathan, or preserve the Ship of State, so Swift may be intensifying the dangers of Hobbes's critique rather than allaying them to provoke a more rational response.

Hayek dismisses philosophies that do not adequately recognize the emergent nature of society, and which describe it as the conscious creation of a rational agent ( be it God, the Sovereign, or any kind of personified body politic, such as Hobbes's Leviathan ).

Hobbes's version is " Do not that to another, which thou wouldst not have done to thy selfe.

Locke's idea of tabula rasa is frequently compared with Thomas Hobbes's viewpoint of human nature, in which humans are endowed with inherent mental content – particular with selfishness.

The first significant argument against dualism came from Thomas Hobbes's ( 1588 – 1679 ) materialist critique of the human person.

Hobbes's philosophy includes a frontal assault on the founding principles of the earlier natural legal tradition, disregarding the traditional association of virtue with happiness, and likewise re-defining " law " to remove any notion of the promotion of the common good.

The English cleric Richard Cumberland wrote a lengthy and influential attack on Hobbes's depiction of individual self-interest as the essential feature of human motivation.

By way of contrast to Hobbes's multiplicity of laws, Cumberland states in the very first sentence of his Treatise of the Laws of Nature that " all the Laws of Nature are reduc'd to that one, of Benevolence toward all Rationals.

For Cumberland, human interdependence precludes Hobbes's natural right of each individual to wage war against all the rest for personal survival.

" Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta ( ed .).

Debates about " soft " and " hard " primitivism intensified with the publication in 1651 of Hobbes's Leviathan ( or Commonwealth ), a justification of absolute monarchy.

Hale's jurisprudence struck a middle-ground between Edward Coke's " appeal to reason " and John Selden's " appeal to contract ", while refuting elements of Thomas Hobbes's theory of natural law.

He is known, among other things, for his critique of Thomas Hobbes's egoism and John Locke's theory of personal identity.

Foucault warns that it has nothing to do with Machiavelli's or Hobbes's discourse on war, for to this popular discourse, the Sovereign is nothing more than " an illusion, an instrument, or, at the best, an enemy.

He disputed Hobbes's conception of the state of nature and concluded that the state of nature is not one of war but of peace.

However, once Hobbes's initial argument is accepted ( that no-one can know for sure anyone else's divine revelation ) his conclusion ( the religious power is subordinate to the civil ) follows from his logic.

* 1959, " Hobbes's Concept of Obligation ", Philosophical Review, pp. 68-83.

* Hobbes's Critique of Religion and Related Writings.

* Catherine Macaulay-Loose Remarks on Mr. Hobbes's Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society ( on Hobbes's 1651 work )

There was a light in Black's front room, but drawn curtains prevented any view of the interior.

Citizens took the view that a lawman was expected to risk his life on the odd occasion anyway, but this fighting fury of a man risked it regularly over a period of half a century.

The only extended view possible to anyone less tall than the fences was that obtained from an upper bough of the apple tree.

Ann was entranced with the view, as were her husband and friends.

From the point of view of popularity the best-known member of the Commission was Walter Camp, the Yale athlete whose sobriquet was `` the father of American football ''.

Though Garibaldi's fight was small shakes compared to Pickett's Charge -- which, like all Southerners, I view in almost Miltonic terms, fallen angels, etc. -- I associated the two.

What Mr. Kennedy, in fact, wrote was: `` It is the Department's view that no anti-trust enforcement considerations justify any loss of revenue of this proportion ''.

The unabashed sexuality of so many of his paintings was not the only thing that kept the public at bay: his view of the world was one of almost unrelieved tragedy, and it was too much even for morbid-minded Vienna.

Therefore, he decided he was unfair to the young man and should make an effort to understand and sympathize with his point of view.

From the point of view of the applicants, less time was wasted in being evaluated -- and they got a meal out of it as well as some insights into their performances.

There followed a long and sometimes bitter discussion of the feasibility of elections for the fall of 1957, in which it appears that the Minister of the Interior took the most pessimistic view and that the Istiqlal was something less than enthusiastic.

In this view, supported by only three members of the Court, a power denied by the specific provisions of Article 3, was granted by the generality of Article 1.

In a brief chapter dealing with `` Various Other Diagnoses '', he quotes isolated passages from some writers whose views seem to corroborate his own, and finds it `` most remarkable that a critical view of twentieth-century society was already held by a number of thinkers living in the nineteenth.

One day when he attended a war memorial ceremony in Westminster Abbey his view was obstructed by a stout man on his left, his attention turned to the irregular pattern of the rough slab flooring and someone, clasping him by the arm, whispered, `` I want a word with you, please ''.

That sort of braggadocio, for that sort of reason, in the view of Torrio and Capone, was a nonsense.

The prevailing view in the industry was summed up in 1912 by a group of auto makers who told a Senate committee: `` The exceedingly unsatisfactory and uselessly expensive conditions, including delays surrounding legal disputes, particularly in patent litigation, are items of industrial burden which must be written large in figures of many millions of dollars of industrial waste ''.

In view of Eisenhower's reluctance to concede that anything was amiss in the Terror, it is doubtful that heroic intervention by Dulles could have produced anything but disaster for him and the country's foreign policy.

The Chinese world view during the Han dynasty, when the Lo Shu seems to have been at the height of its popularity, was based in large part on the teachings of the Yin-Yang and Five-Elements School, which was traditionally founded by Tsou Yen.

Now this 1920 view of the atom was on the whole a discouraging picture.

Another source of NBC pride was its rare film clip of Bix Beiderbecke, but this view of the great trumpeter flew by so fast that a prolonged wink would have blotted out the entire glimpse.

Several of the sights on her trip inspired her, and they found their way into her poem, including the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the " White City " with its promise of the future contained within its alabaster buildings ; the wheat fields of America's heartland Kansas, through which her train was riding on July 16 ; and the majestic view of the Great Plains from high atop Zebulon's Pikes Peak.