neuron

Electromyography revealed no evidence of lower motor neuron disease.

The motor neuron diseases ( MND ) are a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity including speaking, walking, breathing, swallowing and general movement of the body.

Terms used to describe the motor neuron diseases can be confusing ; in the UK " motor neuron disease " ( with " neuron " sometimes spelt " neurone ") refers to both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( the most common form of disease ) and to the broader spectrum of motor neuron diseases including progressive muscular atrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, and progressive bulbar palsy.

Examples of other diseases of the motor neuron that should not be confused with MND include spinobulbar muscular atrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and many others.

There are five recognized subtypes of motor neuron diseases.

They are distinguished by the nerve cells affected ( upper and lower motor neuron ), and the symptoms that result from this damage:

An axon ( also known as a nerve fiber ) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites.

No neuron ever has more than one axon ; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other.

The axon initial segment ( AIS ) consists of a specialised complex of proteins which form part of the proximal axon of a neuron.

The exact position of the AIS along the axon differs between types of neuron and its position within a single family of neurons can vary.

It has recently been discovered that the location and extent of a neuron's AIS can be altered by the neuron's level of activity and that these changes are thought to influence the excitability of the neuron.

frontotemporal dementia / Pick Complex Motor neuron disease, Progressive supranuclear palsy, and Alzheimer's disease ; which is the gradual process of losing the ability to think.

SSRIs are said to work by preventing the reuptake of serotonin ( also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT ) by the presynaptic neuron, thus maintaining higher levels of 5-HT in the synapse.

Reuptake is the process by which a terminal button retrieves the molecules of transmitter substance it has just released, which terminates the effect of the transmitter substance on the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron.

Inhibition of the reuptake process would prolong the effects of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic neuron.

The word neuroleptic was derived from the ( neuron, originally meaning " sinew " but today referring to the nerves ) and " λαμβάνω " ( lambanō, meaning " take hold of ").

Cross section of the olfactory bulb of a rat, stained in two different ways at the same time: one stain shows neuron cell bodies, the other shows receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA.

Shown is a pyramidal cell | pyramidal neuron from the hippocampus, stained for green fluorescent protein.

Myelin is white, so parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter, in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies.

Brenner's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed every section under an electron microscope, then visually matched fibers from section to section, to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body.

*** nervous system: limbic system — vestibular system — neuron — axon — dendrite — brain — eye — vision — audition — proprioception — olfaction — memory