β-Lactams are classified according to their core ring structures.

** β-Lactams containing thiazolidine rings are named penams.

** β-Lactams containing pyrrolidine rings are named carbapenams.

** β-Lactams fused to oxazolidine rings are named oxapenams or clavams.

** β-Lactams containing 2, 3-dihydrothiazole rings are named penems.

** β-Lactams containing 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole rings are named carbapenems.

** β-Lactams containing 3, 6-dihydro-2H-1, 3-thiazine rings are named cephems.

** β-Lactams containing 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyridine rings are named carbacephems.

** β-Lactams containing 3, 6-dihydro-2H-1, 3-oxazine rings are named oxacephems.

* β-Lactams not fused to any other ring are named monobactams.

β-Lactams are classified according to their core ring structures.

* β-Lactams fused to thiazolidine rings are named penams.

* β-Lactams fused to 2, 3-dihydrothiazole rings are named penems.

* β-Lactams fused to 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole rings are named carbapenems.

* β-Lactams fused to 3, 6-dihydro-2H-1, 3-thiazine rings are named cephems.

* β-Lactams not fused to any other ring are named monobactams.

T cells cannot bind native antigens, but require that they be processed by APCs, whereas B cells can be activated by native ones.

Directors cannot, without the consent of the company, fetter their discretion in relation to the exercise of their powers, and cannot bind themselves to vote in a particular way at future board meetings.

The iron ion may be either in the Fe < sup > 2 +</ sup > or in the Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup > state, but ferrihemoglobin ( methemoglobin ) ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) cannot bind oxygen.

Initial oxidation to the ferric ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) state without oxygen converts hemoglobin into " hemiglobin " or methemoglobin ( pronounced " MET-hemoglobin "), which cannot bind oxygen.

An 11 ( c )( 1 )( B ) agreement does not bind the court ; the prosecutor's recommendation is merely advisory, and the defendant cannot withdraw his plea if the court decides to impose a sentence other than what was stipulated in the agreement.

This ' double ethical bind ' we frequently find ourselves in cannot be solved by any formula.

Digital signatures cryptographically bind an electronic identity to an electronic document and the digital signature cannot be copied to another document.

Therefore, if GnRH cannot bind, testosterone synthesis is not induced in the testes or ovaries.

The plea agreement provided that it was " limited to the Office of the United States Attorney for the Middle District of Florida and the Counterterrorism Section of the Department of Justice, and cannot bind other federal, state, or local prosecuting authorities.

While increased glycolysis helps compensate for less ATP from oxidative phosphorylation, it cannot bind the protons resulting from ATP hydrolysis.

Public employee unions are usually prohibited from bargaining collectively with respect to pay or other benefits and / or rights on the grounds that their employer, the general public, is not represented in such collective bargaining agreements but rather by administrative officials who cannot fully represent nor bind the voters to rules or procedures that may conflict with existing or subsequently executed laws and regulations.

He investigated the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin, and determined that methemoglobin contains ferric ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) iron rather than the ferrous ( Fe < sup > 2 +</ sup >) of normal hemoglobin, and therefore that, unlike oxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen.

This lone-pair effect becomes dramatic for zinc-binding proteins, such as the above-mentioned porphobilinogen synthase, as the natural substrate cannot bind anymore: in those cases the protein is inhibited.

Commitments are used to bind a party to a value so that they cannot adapt to other messages in order to gain some kind of inappropriate advantage.

The principal also cannot revoke the agent ’ s authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal ( section 204 ), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised ( section 203 ).

Typically, however, IgM cannot bind 10 antigens at the same time because the large size of most antigens hinders binding to nearby sites.

Dna2 can cleave the RPA bound flap as it is able to displace to RPA, while creating a flat to which RPA cannot bind.

Individuals with sickle cell anemia may also experience greatly reduced symptoms of malaria because Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites cannot bind to hemoglobin in order to form sticky knobs.

In competitive inhibition, at any given moment, the enzyme may be bound to the inhibitor, the substrate, or neither, but it cannot bind both at the same time.

As a result, the substrate polypeptide cannot bind effectively, and proteolysis does not occur.

* No Parliament can bind a future parliament ( that is, it cannot pass a law that cannot be changed or reversed by a future Parliament ).

Some scholars and judges have questioned the traditional view that Parliament cannot bind itself, arguing that it can impose procedural ( or " manner and form ") restrictions on itself, since the legislature must be constituted and regulated by legal rules.

State Controller Arthur Levitt, on the other hand, cannot effectively deny that he has chosen to be the candidate of those party leaders who as a rule have shown livelier interest in political power than in the city's welfare.

Hayes said that if a way can be found to deal effectively with short-term capital movements between nations, `` there is no reason, in my judgment why the international financial system cannot work satisfactorily for at least the foreseeable future ''.

It has been argued that by effectively and persistently offering juries instructions that cannot be understood, judges regularly nullify the law.

* Motivation: Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively.

First, immersion allows controlled, even constriction around all muscles, effectively closing microscopic damage that cannot be felt and numbing the pain that can.

One common method of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable.

* GAs cannot effectively solve problems in which the only fitness measure is a single right / wrong measure ( like decision problems ), as there is no way to converge on the solution ( no hill to climb ).

The rehabilitation was not complete: in most cases the formulation was " due to lack of evidence of the case of crime ", a Soviet legal jargon that effectively said " there was a crime, but unfortunately we cannot prove it ".

If we use NC reductions, that is, reductions which can operate in polylogarithmic time on a parallel computer with a polynomial number of processors, then all P-complete problems lie outside NC and so cannot be effectively parallelized, under the unproven assumption that NC ≠ P. If we use the weaker log-space reduction, this remains true, but additionally we learn that all P-complete problems lie outside L under the weaker unproven assumption that L ≠ P. In this latter case the set P-complete may be smaller.

Now, however, it has been shown that the root systems of mature creosote plants are simply so efficient at absorbing water that fallen seeds nearby cannot accumulate enough water to germinate, effectively creating dead zones around every plant.

The area has excellent mining potential which cannot be exploited effectively without rail facilities.

: Any effectively generated theory capable of expressing elementary arithmetic cannot be both consistent and complete.

A common option if the location cannot be effectively drained is the " corduroy.

Critics argue that his rejection of mechanisation is not justifiable for modern agricultural production and that the system cannot interact effectively with conventional agricultural systems.

* Privatization of state enterprises ; Promoting market provision of goods and services which the government cannot provide as effectively or efficiently, such as telecommunications, where having many service providers promotes choice and competition.

Their drive to insist on " friendly governments " as the war drew to a close did not happen in an ideological vacuum: the Soviets did indeed impose these pro-Soviet regimes in Central Europe by what effectively wound up being unilateral decree – but the role of the partisans on all fronts of the war, as well as the estimated 20, 000, 000 Soviet soldiers who died to defeat fascism, cannot be dismissed, as it lent a certain amount of the appearance of ' licence ' on the part of the Soviet administration to control Central Europe that they would not otherwise have had.

When channels of information cannot be completely closed, they can be rendered useless by filling them with disinformation, effectively lowering their signal-to-noise ratio and discrediting the opposition by association with many easily disproved false claims.

In this view, God will not and cannot interfere with history, otherwise our free will would effectively cease to exist.

With a definition of effective calculation came the first proofs that there are problems in mathematics that cannot be effectively decided.

In 1947, Markov and Post published independent papers showing that the word problem for semigroups cannot be effectively decided.

For example, schedule-sensitive business passengers who are willing to pay $ 300 for a seat from city A to city B cannot purchase a $ 150 ticket because the $ 150 booking class contains a requirement for a Saturday night stay, or a 15-day advance purchase, or another fare rule that discourages, minimizes, or effectively prevents a sale to business passengers.

The thorny thickets can effectively protect small animals from larger predators who cannot enter the prickly tangle.

In economics, a public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.

" As the watchmen cannot be seen, they need not be on duty at all times, effectively leaving the watching to the watched.