* Albert III, Duke of Bavaria ( 1438 – 1460 )

Early sources: river Ilfing ( 890 ), Castrum de Elbingo quod a nomine fluminis Elbingum appellavit ( 1237 — Peter of Dusburg, Chronicon terrae Prussiae ), in Elbingo ( 1239 ), in Elbing ( 1242 ), in Elbinge ... fluvium Elbinc ( 1246, city charter ), de Elbingo ( 1250 ), in Elbyngo ( 1258 ), vitra Elbingum ( 1263 ), Elvingo ( 1293 ), in Elbingo ( 1300 ), in Elvingo ( 1389 ), czum Elbinge ( 1392 ), czu Elbing ( 1403 ), Elwing ( 1410 ), czum Elwinge ( 1412 ), Elbing ( 1414 – 1438 ), Elbyang ( before 1454 ), Elbing ( 1508 ), ku Elbiągowi ( 1634 ), w Elblągu ( 1661 ), w Elblągu ( 1661 ).

The only pre-Columbian South American rulers to be commonly called emperors were the Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire ( 1438 – 1533 ).

The name of a settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's death in 997 AD as urbs Gyddanyzc and later was written as Kdanzk ( 1148 ), Gdanzc ( 1188 ), Danceke ( 1228 ), Gdansk ( 1236, 1454, 1468, 1484, 1590 ), Danzc ( 1263 ), Danczk ( 1311, 1399, 1410, 1414 – 1438 ), Danczik ( 1399, 1410, 1414 ), Danczig ( 1414 ), Gdąnsk ( 1636 ).

** the Inca Empire ( 1438 – 1533 )

* 1438 – The Council of Basel suspends Pope Eugene IV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.

Erik was deposed ( 1438 – 39 ) as the union king and was succeeded by the childless Christopher of Bavaria.

* 1438 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

* 1391 – King Edward of Portugal ( d. 1438 )

Inca expansion ( 1438 – 1527 )

Niccolò da Tolentino at the Battle of San Romano, c. 1438 – 1440.

* 1388 – Claudius Clavus, Danish geographer ( d. 1438 )

* 1438 – Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse ( d. 1471 )

* October 10 – Peter II, Duke of Bourbon ( b. 1438 )

* May 4 – Husayn Bayqarah, Timurid ruler of Herat ( b. 1438 )

* Elisabeth ( 1438 – 1505 ), who married Casimir IV of Poland, and whose son Vladislaus II of Bohemia later became king of Bohemia and Hungary

## in 1438 Duke Wenzel I of Teschen ( 1413 / 18 – 1474 ).

* November 8 – Melozzo da Forlì, painter ( b. c. 1438 )

* October 31 – King Edward of Portugal ( d. 1438 )

* January 30 – Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel ( d. 1438 )

On land he again defeated the Moors, who attempted to retake Ceuta in 1418 ; but in an expedition to Tangier, undertaken in 1437 by King Edward ( 1433 – 1438 ), the Portuguese army was defeated, and could only escape destruction by surrendering as a hostage Prince Ferdinand, the king's youngest brother.

After the death of Edward, further attempts to curb the power of the nobles were made by his brother, D. Pedro, duke of Coimbra, who acted as regent during the minority of Afonso V of Portugal ( 1438 – 1447 ).

Niccolò III ( 1393 – 1441 ) received several popes with great magnificence, especially Eugene IV, who held a council here in 1438.

Ferrara became a significant center of culture under Niccolò d ' Este III ( 1384 – 1441 ), who received several popes with great magnificence, especially Eugene IV, who held a Council here in 1438, later known as the Council of Florence.

Philip II ( 4 February 1438 – 7 November 1497 ), surnamed the Landless was the Duke of Savoy for the brief reign from 1496 to 1497.

René of Anjou ( Rei Rainièr in Occitan ) ( 16 January 1409 – 10 July 1480 ), also known as René I of Naples and Good King René ( French Le bon roi René ), was Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence ( 1434 – 1480 ), Count of Piedmont, Duke of Bar ( 1430 – 1480 ), Duke of Lorraine ( 1431 – 1453 ), King of Naples ( 1435 – 1442 ; titular 1442 – 1480 ), titular King of Jerusalem ( 1438 – 1480 ) and Aragon ( 1466 – 1480 ) ( including Sicily, Majorca, Corsica ).

Germany remained neutral ; Charles VII of France confined himself to securing to his kingdom ( by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, which became law on 13 July 1438 ) the benefit of a great number of the reforms decreed at Basel ; England and Italy remained faithful to Eugene IV.

At what period he came to Italy is not certain ; according to some accounts he was summoned to Venice about 1430 to act as amanuensis to Francesco Barbaro, who appears to have already made his acquaintance ; according to others he did not visit Italy till the time of the Council of Florence ( 1438 – 1439 ).

With his mother's death in 1438, he received the remainder of his father's estates, worth £ 1500 plus her half of the Bohun inheritance, another £ 1200 ; this included the title of Earl of Buckingham, bringing a further £ 1000.

His star was soon in the ascendant and in 1438 King Albert found Hunyadi promoted to Ban of Severin that lay south of the defensible southern frontiers of Hungary ; the Carpathians and the Drava / Sava / Danube complex, a province subject to constant Ottoman harassment.

Her eldest son, Duarte, authored moral works and became king in 1433 ; Pedro, who travelled widely and had an interest in history, became regent when Duarte died of the plague in 1438 ; Fernando – Ferdinand the Saint Prince – who became a crusader, participated in the attack on Tangiers in 1437 ; and Henrique – Prince Henry the Navigator – became the master of the Order of Christ and the instigator and organiser of the early voyages of discovery.

The dated Werl Altarpiece ( 1438 ) shows he continued to work ( the two outer wings are in the Prado ; the main panel is lost ).

On the early death of Hugh Hastings in 1396 the claim passed to his younger brother Edward Hastings ( 1382 – 1438 ) ( later deemed the de jure 8th Baron Hastings ; see below ).

Nevertheless, on the eighth of November four decrees were published, all of them directed against easy targets: against the followers of the heretical reformers, Jan Hus, recently burnt at the stake at the Council of Constance, safe conduct or no, and against the English followers of John Wyclif, who claimed that the highest authority was the Bible ; against the followers of the schismatic Antipope Benedict XIII ; a decree postponing the negotiations with the Greeks and other Eastern Orthodox churches ( which were later worked into acceptable compromises in the long working sessions of the Council of Florence, 1438 to 1445 ); and a decree advising greater vigilance against heresy, the easiest target of all.

He had taken some part in the councils which were held in Siena ( 1423 ), Ferrara ( 1438 ), and Florence ( 1439 ), with the object of bringing about a reconciliation between the Greek and Latin Churches ; and in 1450, at the invitation of Pope Nicholas V, he went to Rome, where he was for some years employed by his patron in making Latin translations from Aristotle and other Greek authors.

St Mary's Church was originally a chapel of ease to South Hill ; it was consecrated in 1438 and then had two aisles and a buttressed tower ; a second north aisle was added in 1882.

Under the Burji Mamelukes the Franks again attacked Alexandria ( 1416 ), and the laws against the Jews were once more strictly enforced by Sheik al-Mu ' ayyid ( 1412 – 21 ); by Ashraf Bars Bey ( 1422 – 38 ), because of a plague which decimated the population in 1438 ; by Al-Ẓahir Jaḳmaḳ ( 1438 – 53 ); and by Ḳa ' iṭ-Bey ( 1468 – 95 ).

He tried to escape from Newgate jail in early 1438 and eventually ended up at Windsor Castle in July of that year.

In early April 1438, the Greek contingent arrived at Ferrara over 700 strong.

The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each theological issue of the Great Schism ( 1054 ) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit, Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, Purgatory and Papal Primacy.

Caught in indecision, Edward assembled the Portuguese Cortes at Leiria in early 1438 for consultation.

There are some manuals containing training advice for the medieval tournament and jousting such as the early Portuguese work A ensinança de bem cavalgar em toda a sela by Edward of Portugal ( 1391 – 1438 ).

Jews are known to have settled in the Kremenets area as early as 1438, when the Grand Duke of Lithuania gave them a charter.