Previous to the war, the city's civilian population was about 300, 000, but before it was over, most of the populace had sought refuge elsewhere in Iran.

Previous game consoles sometimes had a difficult time replicating the arcade experience in home versions of popular arcade games.

Previous prophets had used " Israel " to mean the northern kingdom and its tribes ; when Ezekiel speaks of Israel he is addressing the deported remnant of Judah.

Previous political resistance to privatization had stalled liberalization efforts.

Previous Holy Roman Emperors had thought it their right, granted by God, to name the Pope, as well as other Church officials, such as bishops.

Previous to this relationship, Hall had not lived publicly in a lesbian relationship.

Previous editions had been divided into verses, however, the early versifications generally followed the paragraph structure of the original text.

Previous to the 1960 change, the ' Improved Lunar Ephemeris ' had already been made available in terms of ephemeris time for the years 1952-1959 ( computed by W J Eckert from Brown's theory with modifications recommended by Clemence ( 1948 )).

Previous split-cycle engines have had two major problems-poor breathing ( volumetric efficiency ) and low thermal efficiency.

Previous U. S. administrations had offered to divide the region along the 49th parallel, which was not acceptable to Britain, as they had commercial interests along the Columbia River.

Previous charts had differed on the location.

Previous deputies had addressed the king on their bent knees, whereas the representatives of the Catholics had been permitted to stand.

Previous successions had involved strife between various rígdomna-men of royal blood.

Previous apologies had been offered by State and Territory governments in the period 1997 – 2001.

Previous organizations such as the Mattachine Society, the Daughters of Bilitis, and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names.

Previous motorcycle production at Sachsenring had been under the aegis of AWZ ( Auto-Werke Zwickau ).

Previous fantasy miniature wargames had been written, but this was the first one published.

Previous to this posting, he had been the military commander in Dalmatia.

Previous telegraph lines were overland or shorter, hence had less delay and the need for extra inductance was not so great.

Previous films about T. E. Lawrence had been planned but had not been made.

Previous wars had seen France lose most of its colonial empire.

Previous presentations have been on French, Spanish, Russian, Italian, German and Japanese.

Previous to this time, this area would have been referred to as physiological chemistry.

Previous radio flagships for the Orioles have been WCBM from 1954 to 1956, and again for the 1987 season ; and the now-defunct WFBR from 1979 through 1986.

Previous darknets, such as WASTE, have been limited to relatively small disconnected networks.

Previous Prosecutors have been Ramón Escovar Salom of Venezuela ( 1993 – 1994 ), Richard Goldstone of South Africa ( 1994 – 1996 ), Louise Arbour of Canada ( 1996 – 1999 ), Eric Östberg of Sweden, and Carla Del Ponte of Switzerland ( 1999 – 2007 ), who until 2003, simultaneously served as the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda where she led the OTP since 1999.

Previous dating of some Kiore ( Polynesian rat ) bones at 50-150 CE has now been shown to have been unreliable ; new samples of bone ( and now also of unequivocally rat-gnawed woody seed cases ) match the 1280 CE date of the earliest archaeological sites and the beginning of sustained, anthropogenic deforestation.

Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes, as they are already the House party leader, and as the minority leader is usually their party's nominee for speaker ), or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current speaker in the majority party ), assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed.

Previous to Kodak's announcement, the stock had been supplied by third-party vendors such as Pro8mm and Spectra Film and Video in the United States, and Witter Kinotechnik in Germany.

Previous studies have determined the structure of the airport and possible airport sites have been narrowed down to two sites-one located just south of Gaffney and one located outside of Blacksburg.

Previous fossil-based hypotheses that whales were directly descended from mesonychids have been largely overturned.

Previous trips have been Orlando, Florida and San Antonio, Texas.

Previous collections of cases had been made by Dr Ernesto Bozzano ( Italy ) and Dr. Robert Crookall ( UK ).

Previous to this, he had been vice president of the Santa Fe Railroad.

Previous to the establishment, the area that was to become the town had also been called German Flatts.

Previous studies estimated that the cone is made of roughly equal amounts of tephra and lava, but Sutton's 1974 study found half as much tephra as expected.

Previous to that, he worked 10 years in radio, with approximately half that time spent in smaller cities such as Saskatoon and Yellowknife, and the other half covering national and international events for Broadcast News, the radio service of the Canadian Press.

During the relatively long reign of King Henry I ( 1100 – 1135 ) the penny remained the chief denomination, although round halfpennies and quarter pennies were introduced are mentioned in contemporary accounts which proved very unpopular and only about twelve specimens ( of halfpence, and no round quarters )) are known to exist today.

Throughout her reign large quantities of gold and silver coins of many denominations were produced ( the gold and silver often being obtained by raiding Spanish shipping ); of the silver denominations produced the shilling and sixpence were most important, but small denomination coins — groats, threepences, half-groats, three-halfpence, pennies, three-farthings, and halfpennies — were also struck and were very popular with merchants and small traders.

The last Irish copper pennies and halfpennies were minted in 1823.

The same year copper planchets were made for the Royal Mint to make into pennies, halfpennies, farthings, half-farthings and quarter-farthings.

This site yielded numerous artifacts including silver long cross pennies and halfpennies dating from the reign of Henry III ( 1251 – 1276 ) and Edward I ( c. 1280 – 1302 ).

Later, his coat, with the pockets full of several pounds ' worth of pennies and halfpennies, is found in the Thames just below the building.

The first building visitors see in the museum is the bank ( modelled on the still-standing Lloyds Bank branch in Broseley ), at which they can change modern coinage into token coinage that represents the predecimal farthings, halfpennies, pennies, threepenny bits and sixpences, at an exchange rate of 40 new pence to 1 old penny.

John of England was among the first Anglo-Norman monarchs to mint coins in Ireland ; these were farthings, halfpennies and pennies.