The name Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian Phoenician Barkeno, attested in an ancient coin inscription in Iberian script as Barkeno in Levantine Iberian script, in Ancient Greek sources as, Barkinṓn ; and in Latin as Barcino, Barcilonum and Barceno.

In various countries, the citadels gained a specific name such as " Kremlin " in Russia or " Alcazaba " in the Iberian Peninsula.

* March 25 – Iberian Union: King Philip II of Spain becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King Henry of Portugal, in a personal union of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence ( in Europe and throughout the Portuguese Empire ).

The name is derived from lancea, Roman auxiliaries ' javelin, although according to the OED, the word may be of Iberian origin.

In Spain, the Rector of the University of Salamanca, the oldest on the Iberian Peninsula, is usually styled according to academic protocol as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don ( Rector's name ), Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de Salamanca (" The Most Excellent and Most Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don ( Rector's name ), Rector Magnificus of the University of Salamanca ").

The " Iberian " in the family name refers to Caucasian Iberia — a kingdom centered in Eastern Georgia which lasted from the 4th century BC to the 5th century AD, and is not related to the Iberian Peninsula.

Almogavars is the name of a class of soldier mostly from the Crown of Aragon and other Iberian kingdoms during the 13th and 14th centuries.

The name and also the presence of these Muslim mercenary troops is earlier, in other Iberian kingdoms.

Iberian coins bearing this name have been found there.

Berga derives its name from the Bergistani, an Iberian tribe that lived in the area before the Roman conquest.

Hispania was the name given to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans when they discovered and later subjugated it.

The name was previously Canaanite אי שפנים ( ʾî šəpānîm ), meaning ' island of hyraxes ', named by Canaanite-speaking Phoenicians who mistook Spain's large rabbit population, that roamed the Iberian Peninsula in ancient times ( although today, the Spanish population of wild rabbits is not quite as abundant as it was then due to the introduction of the myxomatosis virus to mainland Europe in 1950 ), for hyraxes.

The name comes from the land of Knaan, a geo-ethnological term denoting the Jewish populations living east of the Elbe river ( as opposed to the Ashkenazi Jews living to the West of it, or the Sephardi Jews of Iberian Peninsula ).

Recent genetic analysis has shown that the two populations are distinct at species level, under which the Iberian Azure-winged Magpie would take the name Cyanopica cooki, though this change has yet to be formally incorporated in the European bird list.

" The correct name of the Iberian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus ibericus Ticehurst 1937, its identification and new evidence of its winter grounds ".

On 12 November, Hitler issued Führer Directive No. 18, which stated that " political measures to induce the prompt entry of Spain into the war have been initiated " and that " The aim of German intervention in the Iberian Peninsula ( code name Felix ) will be to drive the English out of the Western Mediterranean.

The gorge, alternatively known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates, is mentioned in the Georgian annals under the names of Ralani, Dargani, Darialani ; Strabo calls it Porta Caucasica and Porta Cumana ; Ptolemy, Fortes Sarmatica ; it was sometimes known as Porta Caucasica and Portae Caspiae ( a name bestowed also on the " gate " or pass beside the Caspian Sea at Derbent ); and the Tatars call it Darioly.

In 1494, the two Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula divided the New World between them ( Treaty of Tordesillas ), and in 1500 navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in what is now Brazil and laid claim to it in the name of King Manuel I of Portugal.

The name derived from the Reconquista ( completed in 1492 ), the reconquest of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula that had been controlled by various Muslim states ( known through much of that time as Al-Andalus ).

Therefore Latinos are Americans who are descendants of the Latin group ( namely Spain, France, Italy and Portugal ) and Hispanic refers to the descendants from the Iberian Peninsula ( also known as Ibero-American ).

Strabo refers to the Carretanians as people " of the Iberian stock " living in the Pyrenees, who are to be distinguished from either Celts or Celtiberians.

The term Moors refers to the medieval Muslim inhabitants of Northwest Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Septimania, Sicily and Malta.

Iberian refers to Iberia, which has two basic meanings, the disused, of Caucasian Iberia ( corresponding roughly to modern-day Georgia and still used on Greece's Holy Mountain ), and the modern sense of someone or something originating in the Iberian Peninsula, namely from Portugal and Spain.

In its broader meaning, Marca Hispanica refers to a group of early Iberian lordships or counts created by the Franks, of which Andorra is the sole autonomous survivor.

In < span lang =" la "> Beatus of Liébana </ span > ( d. 798 ), < span lang =" la "> Gallaecia </ span > refers to the Christian part of the Iberian peninsula, whereas < span lang =" la "> Hispania </ span > refers to the Muslim one.

Toumanoff has inferred that the Samanazus, a name of the Iberian " king " found in John Malala's list of rulers contemporary with Justinian and reported by Theophanes the Confessor and Georgios Kedrenos to have visited Constantinople in 535, might have been a corruption of words meaning " brother of Dachi " and so perhaps refers to Mihrdat.

Historically, " Al-Andalus " refers to Moorish Iberia, or parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims between 711 and 1492.

The word < span lang = la > Hispanus </ span > refers to Hispania, often translated as Spain, but including the whole Iberian Peninsula ( as a country, Spain has existed since the late 15th century ).

He was initially successful, raiding in Svaneti as well as warding off both Caucasian Iberian and Roman offensives against Caucasian Albania, but was defeated by the Roman general Romanus in a subsequent battle on the river Araxes.

The term Caucasian Iberia ( or Eastern Iberia ) is used to distinguish it from the Iberian Peninsula, where the present day countries of Spain, Portugal and Andorra are located.

The similarity of the name with the old inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula, the ' Western ' Iberians, has led to an idea of ethnogenetical kinship between them and the people of Caucasian Iberia ( called the ' Eastern ' Iberians ).

Iberians describe the people of both Caucasian Iberia, as well as those of the Iberian Peninsula When the Western Alans arrived in France and Spain in 406 AD, they were perhaps either returning to an early outpost or simply returning home.

Theodosius himself led the army ; among his commanders were his own generals Stilicho and Timasius, the Visigoth chieftain Alaric, and a Caucasian Iberian named Bacurios Hiberios.

The Lusitanii, a pre-Celtic people dominating the lands northwest of Iberia, successfully held off the Roman Empire for many years with a variety of innovative tactics and light weapons, including iron-bladed short spears and daggers modeled after Iberian patterns.

The Iberian Peninsula ( Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and,, Aragonese and,, ), commonly called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.

The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία ( Ibēría ) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula.

The Iberian peninsula in the time of Hadrian ( ruled 117 – 138 AD ), showing, in western Iberian Peninsula | Iberia, the imperial province of Lusitania ( Portugal and Extremadura )

* 1212 — The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia sees the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, mainly from 1230 – 1248, with the defeat of Moorish forces.

In 1228, with the departure of the Almohad prince, Idris, who left Iberia to take the Almohad leadership, the ambitious Ibn al-Ahmar established the longest lasting Muslim dynasty on the Iberian peninsula-the Nasrids.

Following the separation of the Iberian Abyssal Plain, Iberia and Europe began to drift progressively from North America, as the Mid-Atlantic fracture zone pulled the three plates away from the larger continent.

As one or both were under the command of Bacurius the Iberian, these may have been allied auxiliary troops from Iberia ( modern Georgia ) rather than Roman.

The Spanish settlers called the town " Nueva Iberia " in honor of the Iberian Peninsula, and the French referred to the town as " Nouvelle Ibérie " while the American settlers called it " New Town " after the Louisiana Purchase.

This would give further momentum to the Christian Reconquest begun by the kingdoms of northern Iberia centuries before, resulting in a sharp reduction in the already declining power of the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula.

Originating in Iberia, the most widely spoken Iberian Romance languages are Castilian, Portuguese, Catalan and Galician.

Relations between the two countries seem to have been friendly at first, as Iberia cooperated in Persian campaigns against Rome, and the Iberian king Amazasp III ( 260-265 ) was listed as a high dignitary of the Sassanian realm, not a vassal who had been subdued by force of arms.

Not every ' alcazar ' or ' alcazaba ' in Iberia was built by the Moors ; many castles with these names were built after the Moors had withdrawn from the Iberian Peninsula.

Thucydides also speaks of the Ligures having expelled the Sicanians, an Iberian tribe, from the banks of the river Sicanus, in Iberia.

Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in Muslim-dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the Romance languages ' development in Iberia.

Peter the Iberian, or Peter of Iberia, () ( c. 411-491 ) is a Georgian Orthodox saint, who was a prominent figure in early Christianity.

He was born into the royal family of the Iberian Kings and was initially named Murvan ( alternatively, Nabarnugios ), prince of Iberia.