Jean-Jacques Ampère, a successful merchant, was an admirer of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose theories of education ( as outlined in his treatise Émile ) were the basis of Ampère ’ s education.

Rousseau believed that young boys should avoid formal schooling and pursue instead an “ education direct from nature .” Ampère ’ s father actualized this ideal by allowing his son to educate himself within the walls of his well-stocked library.

French Enlightenment masterpieces such as Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon ’ s Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière ( begun in 1749 ) and Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d ' Alembert ’ s Encyclopédie ( volumes added between 1751 and 1772 ) thus became Ampère ’ s schoolmasters.

The French Revolution ( 1787 – 99 ) that began during his youth was also influential: Ampère ’ s father was called into public service by the new revolutionary government, becoming a justice of the peace in a small town near Lyon.

In September of 1820, Ampère ’ s friend and eventual eulogist François Arago showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery of Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current.

Furthering Ørsted ’ s experimental work, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions, respectively-this laid the foundation of electrodynamics.

The most important of these was the principle that came to be called Ampère ’ s law, which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents.

Ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism, showing the harmony between his law and French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb ’ s law of magnetic action.

Ampère ’ s devotion to, and skill with, experimental techniques anchored his science within the emerging fields of experimental physics.

In 1827 Ampère published his magnum opus, Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l ’ experience ( Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience ), the work that coined the name of his new science, electrodynamics, and became known ever after as its founding treatise.

In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention signed in 1881 established the ampere as a standard unit of electrical measurement, along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, and watt, which are named, respectively, after Ampère ’ s contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, and James Watt of Scotland.

The 1827 publication of Ampère ’ s synoptic Mémoire brought to a close his work over the previous seven years on the new science of electrodynamics.

His mother was a devout woman, so Ampère was also initiated into the Catholic faith along with Enlightenment science.

Through Ampère, Ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo-Catholic movement, such as François-René de Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert.

* Ampère and the history of electricity-a French-language, edited by CNRS, site with Ampère's correspondence ( full text and critical edition with links to manuscripts pictures, more than 1000 letters ), an Ampère bibliography, experiments, and 3D simulations

Several other experiments followed, with André-Marie Ampère, who in 1820 discovered that the magnetic field circulating in a closed-path was related to the current flowing through the perimeter of the path ; Carl Friedrich Gauss ; Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart, both of which in 1820 came up with the Biot-Savart Law giving an equation for the magnetic field from a current-carrying wire ; Michael Faraday, who in 1831 found that a time-varying magnetic flux through a loop of wire induced a voltage, and others finding further links between magnetism and electricity.

Gradient estimates were also used crucially in Yau's joint work with S. Y. Cheng to give a complete proof of the higher dimensional Hermann Minkowski problem and the Dirichlet problem for the real Monge – Ampère equation, and other results on the Kähler – Einstein metric of bounded pseudoconvex domains.

In the following year Ozanam was sent to study law in Paris, where he fell in with the Ampère family ( living for a time with the mathematician André-Marie Ampère ), and through them with other leaders of the neo-Catholic movement, such as François-René de Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert.

I believe in Newton's laws ...." and continued with a catalog of scientists from earlier centuries, including the Bernoulli, Fourier, Ampère, Boltzmann, and Maxwell.

As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France.

* Ampère Museum-a French-language site from the museum in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d ' or, near Lyon, France

The young Ampère, however, soon resumed his Latin lessons, which enable him to master the works of Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli.

It is named after André-Marie Ampère ( 1775 – 1836 ), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics.

André-Marie Ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a mathematics teacher, which gave him the financial security to marry Carron and father his first child, Jean-Jacques, the next year.

Ampère claimed that " at eighteen years he found three culminating points in his life, his First Communion, the reading of Antoine Leonard Thomas's " Eulogy of Descartes ", and the Taking of the Bastille.

Notices of J-J Ampère are to be found in Sainte-Beuve's Portraits littéraires, vol.

When the Jacobin faction seized control of the Revolutionary government in 1792, Jean-Jacques Ampère resisted the new political tides, and he was guillotined on November 24, 1793, as part of the Jacobin purges of the period.

After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804.

In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new Institut Impériale, the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.

The death of André-Marie Ampère occurred decades before his new science was canonized as the foundation stone for the modern science of electromagnetism.

Through popular etymology, it has been falsely claimed that André-Marie Ampère used the symbol in his widely read publications, and that people began calling the new shape " Ampère's and ".

Soon after the discovery in 1820 by H. C. Ørsted that a magnetic needle is acted on by a voltaic current, André-Marie Ampère that same year was able to devise through experimentation the formula for the angular dependence of the force between two current elements .< ref >

* 1982, Fields Medal, for " his contributions to partial differential equations, to the Calabi conjecture in algebraic geometry, to the positive mass conjecture of general relativity theory, and to real and complex Monge – Ampère equations ".

The symbol was used by André-Marie Ampère, after whom the unit of electric current is named, in formulating the eponymous Ampère's force law which he discovered in 1820.

The phenomenon was further investigated by Ampère, who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other: two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other, while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart.

Further, Ampère derived both Ampère's force law describing the force between two currents and Ampère's law which, like the Biot – Savart law, correctly described the magnetic field generated by a steady current.

André-Marie Ampère achieved the same results three years later by another method ( in his -- On the Determination of Proportions in which Bodies Combine According to the Number and the Respective Disposition of the Molecules by Which Their Integral Particles Are Made ), but the same indifference was shown to his theory as well.

In classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law, discovered by André-Marie Ampère in 1826, relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop.

The first commutator-type direct current machine was built by Hippolyte Pixii in 1832, based on a suggestion by André-Marie Ampère.

* Laws of electrodynamics are established by André-Marie Ampère.

Isaac Newton, Adam Smith, André-Marie Ampère, Sewall Wright, Norbert Wiener, Archimedes, and Albert Einstein were all scholars considered to be absent-minded by their contemporaries – their attention absorbed by their academic studies.

Experimental electric locomotive Ampère, built by Leo Daft in 1883

Small electric locomotive Ampère, built by Daft in 1883

Later on acting on a suggestion by André-Marie Ampère other results were obtained by introducing a commutator, which produced a pulsating direct current which at this time was preferable to alternating current.