Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

The earliest certain ancestor of " A " is aleph ( also called ' aleph ), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet ( which, by consisting entirely of consonants, is an abjad rather than a true alphabet ).

Together with Plato and Socrates ( Plato's teacher ), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.

Reference to them is made according to the organization of Immanuel Bekker's Royal Prussian Academy edition ( Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831 – 1870 ), which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.

An American in Paris is scored for 3 flutes ( 3rd doubling on piccolo ), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B flat, bass clarinet in B flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, cymbals, low and high tom-toms, xylophone, glockenspiel, celesta, 4 taxi horns resembling the pitches A, B, C and D, alto saxophone / soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, baritone saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, and strings.

It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media ; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards ( for music ), Emmy Awards ( for television ), and Tony Awards ( for theatre ) are modeled after the Academy.

Although there are seven other types of annual awards presented by the Academy ( the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Gordon E. Sawyer Award, the Scientific and Engineering Award, the Technical Achievement Award, the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation, and the Student Academy Award ) plus two awards that are not presented annually ( the Special Achievement Award in the form of an Oscar statuette and the Honorary Award that may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette ), the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.

It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface, and for Terrestrial Time, which is used for astronomical calculations.

The latter is not to be confused with TA ( NPL ), which denotes an independent atomic time scale, not synchronised to TAI or to anything else.

This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC-UTC ( k ) ( equivalent to TAI-TAI ( k )) for each participating institution k. ( The same circular also gives tables of TAI-TA ( k ), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.

Altruism is a motivation to provide something of value to a party who must be anyone but oneself, while duty focuses on a moral obligation towards a specific individual ( e. g., a god, a king ), or collective ( e. g., a government ).

Next were films such as The Winds of the Aures ( 1965 ) of Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina, Patrol To The East ( 1972 ) of Amar Laskri, Prohibited Area of Ahmed Lallem, ( 1972 ), The Opium and the stick of Ahmed Rachedi, or The Battle of Algiers ( 1966 ) which is an Algerian-Italian film selected three times at the Oscars.

The term " anthropology " is from the Greek anthrōpos (), " man ", understood to mean humankind or humanity, and-logia (- λογία ), " discourse " or " study.

Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises ( see History of Anthropology ), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made.

The single largest organization of Anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ), which was founded in 1903.

He was worshipped as Acraephius ( ; Ἀκραιφιος, Akraiphios, literally " Acraephian ") or Acraephiaeus ( ; Ἀκραιφιαίος, Akraiphiaios, literally " Acraephian ") in the Boeotian town of Acraephia ( Ἀκραιφία ), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus ; and as Smintheus ( ; Σμινθεύς, Smintheus, " Sminthian "— that is, " of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe ") near the Troad town of Hamaxitus.

The function of Apollo as a " healer " is connected with Paean ( Παιών-Παιήων ), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion.

The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word " pella " ( Pella ), stone.

A female dragon named Delphyne ( δελφύς: womb ), who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios, and a male serpent Typhon ( τύφειν: smoke ), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python.

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM, France ), combines these measurements to retrospectively calculate the weighted average that forms the most stable time scale possible.

In writing, the sentence can be rewritten to reduce possible misinterpretation, either by adding a comma after " taxes " ( to convey the first sense ) or by changing " which " to " that " ( to convey the second sense ), or by rewriting it in other ways.

There is a wide variety of representations possible and one can express a given Turing machine program as a sequence of machine tables ( see more at finite state machine, state transition table and control table ), as flowcharts ( see more at state diagram ), or as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called " sets of quadruples " ( see more at Turing machine ).

It is possible to prove many theorems using neither the axiom of choice nor its negation ; such statements will be true in any model of Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory ( ZF ), regardless of the truth or falsity of the axiom of choice in that particular model.

The theologian Paul Tillich characterized existential anxiety as " the state in which a being is aware of its possible nonbeing " and he listed three categories for the nonbeing and resulting anxiety: ontic ( fate and death ), moral ( guilt and condemnation ), and spiritual ( emptiness and meaninglessness ).

Other examples include various prescription drugs ( e. g. most antiepileptic drugs have cerebellar ataxia as a possible adverse effect ), Lithium level over 1. 5mEq / L, cannabis ingestion and various other recreational drugs ( e. g. ketamine, PCP or dextromethorphan, all of which are NMDA receptor antagonists that produce a dissociative state at high doses ).

There is considerable speculation as to why the observable universe is apparently composed almost entirely of matter ( as opposed to a mixture of matter and antimatter ), whether there exist other places that are almost entirely composed of antimatter instead, and what sorts of technology might be possible if antimatter could be harnessed.

William Drummond of Hawthornden, in an essay On the Character of a Perfect Anagram, tried to lay down permissible rules ( such as S standing for Z ), and possible letter omissions.

Summarizes the excavation and transport by helicopter of a possible Albertosaurus skeleton ; however, per Carr & Williamson ( 2010 ), specimen may later have been assigned to Bistahieversor.

), one of the two possible eponyms ( the other one being " Cynnus, brother of Coeus ") of Cynna, a small town not far from Heraclea.

Whatever professionalism there was tended to disguise itself ; it was possible to pay for the services of a speechwriter ( logographos ) but this was not advertised in court ( except as something your opponent had to resort to ), and even politically prominent litigants made some show of disowning special expertise.

Any individual has one of six possible genotypes ( AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, and OO ) that produce one of four possible phenotypes: " A " ( produced by AA homozygous and AO heterozygous genotypes ), " B " ( produced by BB homozygous and BO heterozygous genotypes ), " AB " heterozygotes, and " O " homozygotes.

Paula can read directly from the system's RAM, using direct memory access ( DMA ), making sound playback without CPU intervention possible.

It is also possible to ignore the 68k CPU and run Linux on the PPC ( project Linux APUS ), but a PowerPC native AmigaOS promised by Amiga Technologies GmbH was not available when the PowerUP boards first appeared.

The " double width " mode of the TRS-80 was also supported, so 256 x 192 pixels ( in 32x16 character mode ), or 320 x 300 pixels ( in 40x24 character mode ) were also possible.

This change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns ( the ironclads of the 1880s carried some of the heaviest guns ever mounted at sea ), more sophisticated steam engines, and advances in metallurgy which made steel shipbuilding possible.

iii. 74a ), is in the main pure Hebrew, and even includes Hebrew translations of Greek proper names, to avoid the danger of possible exposure should the letter have fallen into the hands of enemies and informers ( compare Eruvin 53b ).

In some versions ( but not in the original Atlas version ), for the sake of easy typing it was possible to strop keywords by placing a "" sign in front of them, for example the keyword < code >< u > endofprogramme </ u ></ code > could be typed as or

* Using a suitable catalyst ( e. g. Wilkinson's catalyst ), it is possible to reduce just one of the double bonds of an allene.

While side-scrolling games in the vein of Super Mario Bros. are possible on the system ( 1990's Scrapyard Dog is the best example ), it is significantly harder to develop such a title than on a tile-based system such as the Nintendo Entertainment System.

), the warning colouration is on the belly and these animals adopt a defensive pose when attacked, exhibiting their bright colours to the predator.

In other types of alphabet either the vowels are not indicated at all, as was the case in the Phoenician alphabet ( such systems are known as abjads ), or else the vowels are shown by diacritics or modification of consonants, as in the devanagari used in India and Nepal ( these systems are known as abugidas or alphasyllabaries ).

Strictly speaking, these national languages lack a word corresponding to the verb " to spell " ( meaning to split a word into its letters ), the closest match being a verb meaning to split a word into its syllables.

The axiom of choice produces these intangibles ( objects that are proven to exist, but which cannot be explicitly constructed ), which may conflict with some philosophical principles.

The 21st chapter was omitted from the editions published in the United States prior to 1986 .< ref > Burgess, Anthony ( 1986 ) A Clockwork Orange Resucked in < u > A Clockwork Orange </ u >, W. W. Norton & Company, New York .</ ref > In the introduction to the updated American text ( these newer editions include the missing 21st chapter ), Burgess explains that when he first brought the book to an American publisher, he was told that U. S. audiences would never go for the final chapter, in which Alex sees the error of his ways, decides he has lost all energy for and thrill from violence and resolves to turn his life around ( a slow-ripening but classic moment of metanoia — the moment at which one's protagonist realises that everything he thought he knew was wrong ).

This education, history, and background are hinted at in the Margaret Rutherford films ( see below ), in which Miss Marple mentions her awards at marksmanship, fencing and equestrianism ( although these hints are played for comedic value ).

Schweitzer found many New Testament references to apparently show that 1st-century Christians believed literally in the imminent fulfillment of the promise of the World's ending, within the lifetime of Jesus's original followers, He noted that in the gospel of Mark, Jesus speaks of a " tribulation ", with his coming in the clouds with great power and glory " ( St Mark ), and states when it will happen: " This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled " ( St Matthew, 24: 34 ) ( or, " have taken place " ( Luke 21: 32 )): " All these things shall come upon this generation " ( Matthew 23: 36 ).

Similarly in St Peter: " Christ .. Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you " ( 1 Peter 1: 20 ), and " But the end of all things is at hand " ( 1 Peter 4: 7 ).

The great Torah scholar, commentator and kabbalist, Nachmanides ( Ramban 1195-1270 ), attributed Job's suffering to reincarnation, as hinted in Job's saying " God does all these things twice or three times with a man, to bring back his soul from the pit to ... the light of the living ' ( Job 33: 29, 30 ).

The loudness of these disturbances is called the sound pressure level ( SPL ), and is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels.

The most prominent feature of emission and absorption spectra ( known experimentally since the middle of the 19 < sup > th </ sup > century ), was that these atomic spectra contained discrete lines.

They generally have other terms specific to U. S. nationals, such as German US-Amerikaner, French étatsunien, Japanese 米国人 beikokujin, Arabic أمريكاني amriikaanii ( as opposed to the more-common أمريكي amriikii ), and Italian statunitense, but these may be less common than the term American.

At the Anabaptist Council of Venice 1550, the early Italian instigators of the Radical Reformation committed to the views of Miguel Servet ( d. 1553 ), and these were promulgated by Giorgio Biandrata and others into Poland and Transylvania.

As they do not receive Holy Orders in the Catholic, Orthodox and Oriental Churches, they do not possess the ability to ordain any religious to Holy Orders, or even admit their members to the non-ordained ministries to which they can be installed by the ordained clergy ( females do not serve as clergy anyway, per formal church teaching, in these churches ), nor do they exercise the authority they do possess under canon law over any territories outside of their monastery and its territory ( though non-cloistered, non-contemplative female religious members who are based in a convent or monastery but who participate in external affairs may assist as needed by the diocesan bishop and local secular clergy and laity, in certain pastoral ministries and administrative and non-administrative functions not requiring ordained ministry or status as a male cleric in those churches or programs ).

This is why a high compression engine requires fuels specially formulated to not self-ignite ( which would cause engine knocking when operated under these conditions of temperature and pressure ), or that a supercharger and intercooler to provide a lower temperature at the same pressure would be advantageous.

The loss, however, of a division ( mora ), destroyed by Iphicrates, neutralized these successes, and Agesilaus returned to Sparta.

The spread of the Akkadian state as far as the " silver mountain " ( possibly the Taurus Mountains ), the " cedars " of Lebanon, and the copper deposits of Magan, was largely motivated by the goal of securing control over these imports.

Under one of these emperors, Romanos IV Diogenes ( 1067 – 1071 ), Alexios served with distinction against the Seljuq Turks.

Their party was defeated ( 2 May 1182 ), but Andronikos Komnenos, a first cousin of Emperor Manuel, took advantage of these disorders to aim at the crown, entered Constantinople, where he was received with almost divine honours, and overthrew the government.

This meant not only that the king had retained the loyalty of ealdormen, royal reeves and king ’ s thegns ( who were charged with levying and leading these forces ), but that they had maintained their positions of authority in these localities well enough to answer his summons to war.

There were the seeds ( spermata ) or miniatures of wheat and flesh and gold in the primitive mixture ; but these parts, of like nature with their wholes ( the homoiomereiai of Aristotle ), had to be eliminated from the complex mass before they could receive a definite name and character.