Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

The earliest certain ancestor of " A " is aleph ( also called ' aleph ), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet ( which, by consisting entirely of consonants, is an abjad rather than a true alphabet ).

Together with Plato and Socrates ( Plato's teacher ), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.

Reference to them is made according to the organization of Immanuel Bekker's Royal Prussian Academy edition ( Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831 – 1870 ), which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.

An American in Paris is scored for 3 flutes ( 3rd doubling on piccolo ), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B flat, bass clarinet in B flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, cymbals, low and high tom-toms, xylophone, glockenspiel, celesta, 4 taxi horns resembling the pitches A, B, C and D, alto saxophone / soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, baritone saxophone / soprano saxophone / alto saxophone, and strings.

It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media ; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards ( for music ), Emmy Awards ( for television ), and Tony Awards ( for theatre ) are modeled after the Academy.

Although there are seven other types of annual awards presented by the Academy ( the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Gordon E. Sawyer Award, the Scientific and Engineering Award, the Technical Achievement Award, the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation, and the Student Academy Award ) plus two awards that are not presented annually ( the Special Achievement Award in the form of an Oscar statuette and the Honorary Award that may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette ), the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.

It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface, and for Terrestrial Time, which is used for astronomical calculations.

The latter is not to be confused with TA ( NPL ), which denotes an independent atomic time scale, not synchronised to TAI or to anything else.

This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC-UTC ( k ) ( equivalent to TAI-TAI ( k )) for each participating institution k. ( The same circular also gives tables of TAI-TA ( k ), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.

Altruism is a motivation to provide something of value to a party who must be anyone but oneself, while duty focuses on a moral obligation towards a specific individual ( e. g., a god, a king ), or collective ( e. g., a government ).

Next were films such as The Winds of the Aures ( 1965 ) of Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina, Patrol To The East ( 1972 ) of Amar Laskri, Prohibited Area of Ahmed Lallem, ( 1972 ), The Opium and the stick of Ahmed Rachedi, or The Battle of Algiers ( 1966 ) which is an Algerian-Italian film selected three times at the Oscars.

The term " anthropology " is from the Greek anthrōpos (), " man ", understood to mean humankind or humanity, and-logia (- λογία ), " discourse " or " study.

Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises ( see History of Anthropology ), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made.

The single largest organization of Anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ), which was founded in 1903.

He was worshipped as Acraephius ( ; Ἀκραιφιος, Akraiphios, literally " Acraephian ") or Acraephiaeus ( ; Ἀκραιφιαίος, Akraiphiaios, literally " Acraephian ") in the Boeotian town of Acraephia ( Ἀκραιφία ), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus ; and as Smintheus ( ; Σμινθεύς, Smintheus, " Sminthian "— that is, " of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe ") near the Troad town of Hamaxitus.

The function of Apollo as a " healer " is connected with Paean ( Παιών-Παιήων ), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion.

The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word " pella " ( Pella ), stone.

A female dragon named Delphyne ( δελφύς: womb ), who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios, and a male serpent Typhon ( τύφειν: smoke ), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python.

The Greek words " ida " ( οίδα: know ) and " idos " ( είδος: species ) have the same root as the word " idea " ( ιδέα ), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses.

A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), the Japanese giant salamander ( Andrias japonicus ) and the hellbender ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ) from North America.

Common Reed Frog | Common reed frog ( Hyperolius viridiflavus ), a toxic species

Several hundred frog species in adaptive radiations ( e. g., Eleutherodactylus, the Pacific Platymantines, the Australo-Papuan microhylids, and many other tropical frogs ), however, do not need any water for breeding in the wild.

In many species of frog and in most lungless salamanders ( Plethodontidae ), direct development takes place, the larvae growing within the eggs and emerging as miniature adults.

A number of causes are believed to be involved, including habitat destruction and modification, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, climate change, endocrine-disrupting pollutants, destruction of the ozone layer ( ultraviolet radiation has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians ), and diseases like chytridiomycosis.

The western terrestrial garter snake ( Thamnophis elegans ) in California is largely aquatic and depends heavily on two species of frog that are diminishing in numbers, the Yosemite toad ( Bufo canorus ) and the mountain yellow-legged frog ( Rana muscosa ), putting the snake's future at risk.

* Atlas beetle ( Chalcosoma atlas ), a rhinoceros beetle species

* Atlas Flycatcher ( Ficedula speculigera ), a songbird species sometimes included in the Eurasian Pied Flycatcher

* Atlas Moth ( Attacus atlas ), a large saturniid moth species

Thus although most species in the order are herbaceous, some no more than 15 cm high, there are a number of climbers ( e. g. some species of Asparagus ), as well as several genera forming trees ( e. g. Agave, Cordyline, Yucca, Dracaena ), some of which can exceed 10 m in height.

Almost all species have a tight cluster of leaves ( a rosette ), either at the base of the plant or at the end of a more-or-less woody stem ; the leaves are less often produced along the stem.

Many species in the iris family have a great economic importance in ornamental horticulture and the cut flower industry, especially Gladiolus, Freesia, Sparaxis, Iris, Tigridia ( tiger lily ), Ixia ( corn lily ), Romulea, Neomarica, Moraea ( butterfly lily ), Nemastylis, Belamcanda, Sisyrinchium ( blue-eyed grass ), Crocosmia and Trimezia.

The order is a cosmopolite ( plants found throughout most of the world including desert and frigid zones ), and includes mostly herbaceous species, although a small number of trees ( such as the giant Lobelia and the giant Senecio ) and shrubs are also present.

The Asterales, by dint of being a super-set of the family Asteraceae, include some species grown for food, including the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) and chicory ( Cichorium ).

Some of the species of Allium are important food plants for example onions ( Allium cepa ), chives ( A. schoenoprasum ), garlic ( A. sativum and A. scordoprasum ), and leeks ( A. porrum ).

The largest genera are Allium ( 260-690 species ), Nothoscordum ( 25 ), and Tulbaghia ( 22 ).

Marsyas could not do this with his instrument ( the flute ), and so Apollo hung him from a tree and flayed him alive.

Amber is fossilized tree resin ( not sap ), which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times.

" Amber " perfumes may be created using combinations of labdanum, benzoin resin, copal ( itself a type of tree resin used in incense manufacture ), vanilla, Dammara resin and / or synthetic materials.

In the savannas the most characteristic trees are the monkey bread tree or baobab ( Adanisonia digitata ), doum palm ( Hyphaene ) and euphorbias.

Otherwise, replace it with either the largest in its left sub tree ( in order predecessor ) or the smallest in its right sub tree ( in order successor ), and remove that node.

Outside the tree, there is often a reference to the " root " node ( the ancestor of all nodes ), if it exists.

He adopted the Latinate name Linnæus after a giant linden tree ( or lime tree ), in Swedish, that grew on the family homestead.

Meier admits to " borrowing " many of the technology tree ideas from a board game also called Civilization, published in the United Kingdom in 1980 by Hartland Trefoil ( later by Gibson Games ), and in the United States in 1981 by Avalon Hill.

* Old Norse: The definite article was the enclitic-inn ,-in ,-itt ( masculine, feminine and neuter nominative singular ), as in álfrinn " the elf ", gjǫfin " the gift ", and tréit " the tree ", an abbreviated form of the independent pronoun hinn, cognate of the German pronoun jener.

In Livonia ( present-day Latvia and Estonia ), in 1441, 1442, 1510 and 1514, the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval ( now Tallinn ) and Riga.

The 12 tree species are: Barringtonia asiatica ( Fish-poison Tree ), Calophyllum inophyllum ( Alexandrian Laurel ), Cocos nucifera, Cordia subcordata, Guettarda speciosa, Intsia bijuga, Hernandia sonora, Morinda citrifolia, Neisosperma oppositifolium, Pisonia grandis, Terminalia catappa, and Heliotropium foertherianum.

The story of the Sword in the Stone has an analogue in some versions of the story of Sigurd ( the Norse proto-Siegfried ), whose father, Sigmund, draws the sword Gram out of the tree Barnstokkr where it is embedded by the Norse god Odin.

Family tree showing the Extant taxon | extant hominoids: humans ( genus Homo ( genus ) | Homo ), chimpanzees and bonobos ( genus Chimpanzee | Pan ), gorillas ( genus Gorilla ), orangutans ( genus Orangutan | Pongo ), and gibbons ( four genera of the family Hylobatidae: Hylobates, Hoolock, Nomascus, and Symphalangus ).

Instead of true cinnamon, " Chinese cinnamon " ( also known as rougui, the ground bark of the cassia tree, a close relative of true cinnamon which is often sold as cinnamon ), may be used.

Forests sometimes contain many tree species only within a small area ( as in tropical rain and temperate deciduous forests ), or relatively few species over large areas ( e. g., taiga and arid montane coniferous forests ).

Lignum nephriticum cup of made from the wood of the narra tree ( Pterocarpus indicus ), and a flask containing its fluorescent Solution ( chemistry ) | solution

: Extirpation of native bird population by the rapid proliferation of the Brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ), an exotic species.

Examples include staged multi-caches ; underwater caches, caches located 50 feet ( 15 m ) up a tree, caches found only after long offroad drives, caches on high mountain peaks, caches located in challenging environments ( such as Antarctica or north of the Arctic Circle ), and magnetic caches attached to metal structures and / or objects.