*** eukaryotes: fungi — algae — protozoa — protista

*** Order Anura ( frogs and toads ): Jurassic to present — 5, 602 current species in 48 families

*** Order Caudata or Urodela ( salamanders, newts ): Jurassic to present — 571 current species in 10 families

*** Order Gymnophiona or Apoda ( caecilians ): Jurassic to present — 190 current species in 10 families

*** LGV 1 — voltage remains at 25 kV AC.

*** HSL 3 — voltage remains at 25 kV AC.

*** HSL-Zuid — voltage remains at 25 kV AC.

*** prokaryotes: microbe — bacteria — archaea

*** plantae — plants — bryophytes — pteridophytes — seed plants

*** animalia — animals — metazoa — insects — molluscs — vertebrates

*** vascular tissue — Casparian strip — turgor pressure — xylem — phloem — transpiration — wood

Kingdoms are divided into phyla ( singular: phylum ) — for animals ; the term division, used for plants and fungi, is equivalent to the rank of phylum ( and the current International Code of Botanical Nomenclature allows the use of either term ).

Some ascomyceous fungi, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grow as single-celled yeasts, which — during sexual reproduction — develop into an ascus, and do not form fruiting bodies.

* Mycogen — As Asimov explains in Prelude to Foundation, their name is formed from the Greek stems myco-( meaning ' yeast ' or other types of fungi ) and-gen ( meaning ' maker ' or ' producer '), which matches the description of the Mycogen as specialized in breeding and exporting yeast, or " microfood ," to other portions of Trantor.

* Pest suppression — repelling pest insects, weeds, nematodes, or pathogenic fungi, through chemical means.

* Nacre — A planet populated primarily by fungi, including an intelligent variety ; from Piers Anthony's novels Omnivore, Orn and OX.

In some fungi, two different haploid mating types — if compatible — merge.

By binding many kinds of pathogen — representing viruses, bacteria, and fungi — IgG protects the body from infection.

Organisms in every kingdom of life — bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals — show genetically-based 24-hour rhythms.

The list of simple elements of which plants are primarily constructed — carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, phosphorus, etc .— is not different from similar lists for animals, fungi, or even bacteria.

Lovebugs are subject to some significant natural controls, such as various parasitic fungi, and dry weather — which dries out the thatch resulting in a higher mortality rate for the immatures.

The list of simple elements of which plants are primarily constructed — carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, phosphorus, etc .— is not different from similar lists for animals, fungi, or even bacteria.

Many homeowners alleged that Inner-Seal siding, which carried a 25-year warranty, began to rot prematurely — discoloring, disintegrating, and even growing fungi.

In addition to repairing DNA, homologous recombination also helps produce genetic diversity when cells divide in meiosis to become specialized gamete cells — sperm or egg cells in animals, pollen or ovules in plants, and spores in fungi.

Symbiotic microbes such as fungi and algae form an association in lichen.

There are approximately 1, 737 known species of vascular plants, 167 species of fungi, 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park.

Other lichen fungi occur in only five orders in which all members are engaged in this habit ( Orders Graphidales, Gyalectales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales, and Teloschistales ).

Both the lichen and the fungus partner bear the same scientific name, and the lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi.

The alga bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to that of the lichen or fungi.

Many lichen fungi appear to reproduce sexually in a manner typical of fungi, producing spores that are presumably the result of sexual fusion and meiosis.

Some non-lichen-forming fungi may have secondarily lost the ability to form a lichen association.

These microorganisms, associated with the lichen community or independently inhabiting rocks, include a number of blue-green algae, green algae, various fungi, and numerous bacteria.

They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus.

Most Ericaceae ( excluding the Monotropoideae, Pyroloideae, and some Styphelioideae ) form a distinctive mycorrhizae, where fungi grow in and around the roots and provide the plant with nutrients.

Mushrooms and other fungi play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques ( e. g., using mycorrhizae to spur plant growth ) and filtration technologies ( e. g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water ).

The persistence of the seed bank and suppression of mycorrhizal fungi both complicate restoration of invaded areas because long-term removal is required to deplete the seed bank and allow recovery of mycorrhizae.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae ( AMs ) are characterized by the formation of unique structures such as arbuscules and vesicles by fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota ( AM fungi ).

Management of AM fungi is especially important for organic and low-input agriculture systems where soil phosphorus is, in general, low, although all agroecosystems can benefit by promoting arbuscular mycorrhizae establishment.

Absorption is aided by symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae.

In an experiment led by Leopoldo Sancho from the Complutense University of Madrid, two species of lichen — Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans — were sealed in a capsule and launched on a Russian Soyuz rocket on 31 May 2005.

It has been suggested — although not yet proven — that the even older fossil Nematothallus was a lichen.

The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota — rarely a member of the Basidiomycota, and then termed basidiolichens to differentiate them from the more common ascolichens.

Also described is primitive plant life such as lichen, which can still be found on the continent in winter, even in the extremely dry and permanently frozen valleys — conditions under which dead animals can lie frozen for many centuries without decomposing.