*** Order Anura ( frogs and toads ): Jurassic to present — 5, 602 current species in 48 families

*** Order Caudata or Urodela ( salamanders, newts ): Jurassic to present — 571 current species in 10 families

*** Order Gymnophiona or Apoda ( caecilians ): Jurassic to present — 190 current species in 10 families

*** LGV 1 — voltage remains at 25 kV AC.

*** HSL 3 — voltage remains at 25 kV AC.

*** HSL-Zuid — voltage remains at 25 kV AC.

*** eukaryotes: fungi — algae — protozoa — protista

*** plantae — plants — bryophytes — pteridophytes — seed plants

*** animalia — animals — metazoa — insects — molluscs — vertebrates

*** fungi — lichen — mycorrhizae

*** vascular tissue — Casparian strip — turgor pressure — xylem — phloem — transpiration — wood

In contrast, prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm.

In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane.

Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: Monera, for prokaryotes ( i. e., bacteria ); Protista, for protozoans and most algae ; and Fungi.

Consisting of two domains, bacteria and archaea, the prokaryotes are the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth and inhabit practically all environments where some liquid water is available and the temperature is below + 140 ° C.

In contrast, prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm.

Depending on growth conditions, prokaryotes such as bacteria may have a chromosome copy number of 1 to 4, and that number is commonly fractional, counting portions of the chromosome partly replicated at a given time.

Vertical gene transfer is the passage of genes from parent to offspring, and horizontal ( also called lateral ) gene transfer occurs when genes jump between unrelated organisms, a common phenomenon especially in prokaryotes ; a good example of this is the acquired antibiotic resistance as a result of gene exchange between various bacteria leading to multi-drug-resistant bacterial species.

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, but archaea and eukaryotes share a common ancestor that is not ancestral to the bacteria.

Some prokaryotes, including many archaea and the bacterial order Actinomycetales also share homologs of the 20S proteasome, whereas most bacteria possess heat shock genes hslV and hslU, whose gene products are a multimeric protease arranged in a two-layered ring and an ATPase.

This may be explained by possibly a very close symbiotic relationship between two types of prokaryotes which eventually led to gene exchange and engulfing of the mitochondria precursors through partial fusion or engulfing by the host bacteria.

There are two domains of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea, both of which contributed genetic material to the eukaryotes, mainly by means of symbiosis.

The process of gene expression is used by all known life-eukaryotes ( including multicellular organisms ), prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), possibly induced by viruses-to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.

Because bacteria are prokaryotes, they are not equipped with the full enzymatic machinery to accomplish the required post-translational modifications or molecular folding.

In prokaryotes ( bacteria ), the subunits are named 30S and 50S for their “ size ” in Svedberg units.

In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in Gram-negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm.

Most of the time, invading bacteria are destroyed by the white blood cells ; however, it is not uncommon for the chemical warfare waged by prokaryotes to succeed, with the consequence known as infection by its resulting damage.

Ubiquinol: ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase is found in mitochondria, photosynthetic bacteria and other prokaryotes.

Certain heterocyst-forming bacteria can differentiate into spore-like cells called akinetes or motile cells called hormogonia, making them the most phenotyptically versatile of all prokaryotes.

Since they lack the nucleus and organelles of the more complex cells called " eukaryotes ", bacteria are considered to be " prokaryotes ".

It serves to protect the bacterium by creating capsules, or allows the bacterium to attach itself to inert surfaces ( like teeth or rocks ; e. g. Streptococcus pneumoniae attaches itself to lung cells ), prokaryotes, or other bacteria ( their glycocalyxes can fuse to envelop the colony ).

This process occurs in prokaryotes ( in particular, in bacteria ), whose single circular DNA is cut by DNA gyrase and the two ends are then twisted around each other to form supercoils.

ENases are widespread amongst prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), but are produced by some eukaryotic organisms as well, although this is very rare.

Unlike homologous recombination, which has been studied extensively in bacteria, NHEJ was originally discovered in eukaryotes and was only identified in prokaryotes in the past decade.

They left undecided, however, whether they belong to the bacteria ( prokaryotes, in 1956 called " Schizomycetes ") or to the eukaryotes.

Assembly of the pre-RC relies on prior origin recognition, either by DnaA in prokaryotes or by ORC in archaea and eukaryotes.

In archaea, ether lipids are the major polar lipids in the cell envelope and their abundance is one of the major characteristics that separate this group of prokaryotes from the bacteria.

The EM are natural lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and phototrophic bacteria that act as a microbe community within the kitchen scraps, fermenting and accelerating breakdown of the organic matter.

In 2011, Richard Hoover, an astrobiologist at the U. S. Space Flight Center in Alabama, claimed that filaments and other structures in rare meteorites appear to be microscopic fossils of extraterrestrial beings that resemble cyanobacteria — a phylum of photosynthetic bacteria.

This rapid evolution is important in medicine, as it has led to the recent development of ' super-bugs ' — pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to modern antibiotics.

Cellular division occurs along a single axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name — from Greek στρεπτος streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted, like a chain ( twisted chain ).

* 200 nm — typical size of a Mycoplasma bacterium, among the smallest bacteria

* 20 nm to 80 nm — thickness of cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria

Some specialise in the liquid in pitchers of particular species of pitcher plants, their larvae feeding on decaying insects that had drowned there or on the associated bacteria ; the harmless genus Wyeomyia provides such examples — Wyeomyia smithii breeds only in the pitchers of Sarracenia purpurea.

* 1683 — Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria.

* 1944 — Oswald Avery shows that DNA carried the hereditary information in pneumococcus bacteria.

Because the surface of a cantaloupe can contain harmful bacteria — in particular, Salmonella — it is always a good idea to wash and scrub a melon thoroughly before cutting and consumption.

In anaerobic conditions, they are also able to use only PS I — cyclic photophosphorylation — with electron donors other than water ( hydrogen sulfide, thiosulphate, or even molecular hydrogen ) just like purple photosynthetic bacteria.

Other reports indicate that shuriken may have been buried in dirt or animal feces and allowed to harbor the bacterium Clostridium tetani — if the point penetrated a victim deeply enough, the bacteria transferred into the wound could cause a then-incurable tetanus infection.

The S form, considered virulent, bears a capsule, which is a slippery polysaccharide coat — atop and outside the peptidoglycan cell wall common among all classical bacteria — enhances bacterial evasion of efficient phagocytosis by the host's innate immune cells.

Legionella transmission is via aerosols — the inhalation of mist droplets containing the bacteria.

* Joint ncRNA Database — over 30, 000 individual sequences from 99 species of bacteria, archaea and eukaryota

# Alteration of target site: e. g., alteration of PBP — the binding target site of penicillins — in MRSA and other penicillin-resistant bacteria.

Up to 80 % of the bacteria in samples from the wild appear to be metabolically inactive — many of which can be resuscitated.

This variant is made using one of two species of bacteria — either Streptococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which creates more tartness.

The most famous Dutch scientist in the area of optics is certainly Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who was the first to methodically study microscopic life — he was the first person to describe bacteria — thus laying the foundations for the field of microbiology.