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** Thoracic or lumbar spinal stenosis
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** and Thoracic
** Thoracic aorta — the half of the descending aorta above the diaphragm
** Thoracic sympathectomy
** and lumbar
** Petit's hernia: a hernia through Petit's triangle ( inferior lumbar triangle ).
** Grynfeltt's hernia: a hernia through Grynfeltt-Lesshaft triangle ( superior lumbar triangle ).
** Rationale: lumbar puncture in the presence of increased ICP may cause uncal herniation
** Exception: therapeutic use of lumbar puncture to reduce ICP
** and spinal
** thoracic spinal nerve 1, a nerve emerging from the vertebrae
** Lumbar puncture, a colloquial term for a medical procedure, which is referred to as a spinal tap
** Spinal canal or spinal cavity, a tube shaped space enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column
** Spinal cord, the bundle of nerve cells and nerve fibers within the vertebral column subject to spinal cord injury
** Spinal nerves which are distal to the dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots
** patients with NF2 may also develop other brain tumors, as well as spinal tumors.
** Motor neuron, neurons that originate in the spinal cord and synapse with muscle fibers
** T3 spinal nerve
** The spinal trigeminal nerve nuclei which contains the general somatic afferent column ( GSA ).
** Capital expenditures that are advised by a physician, where the facility is used primarily by the patient alone and the expense is reasonable ( e. g. a swimming pool for someone with degenerative spinal disorder, an elevator for someone with heart disease )
** Milwaukee brace, a kind of back brace used in the treatment of spinal curvatures
** The spinal cord reflex responses include the activation of additional respiratory muscles as compensation, gasping response, hypoventilation, and an increase in breathing frequency and volume.
** Intradural spinal tumors
** ( H54. 9 ) Micropthalmia / coloboma — a disconnection between the optic nerve and the brain and / or spinal cord
** Cervical spinal nerve 2
** Infantile spinal muscular atrophy such as Werdnig-Hoffman disease
** Intramedullary-inside the spinal cord
** Extramedullary-inside the dura, but outside the spinal cord
** Several spinal cerebellar ataxias
** Cervical spinal nerve 3
** spinal cord stimulation
** and stenosis
** external compression of the esophagus, such as obstruction by lymph node and left atrial dilatation in mitral stenosis.
** history of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mitral stenosis, etc.
** Mitral stenosis
** Valvular disease ( e. g. mitral stenosis )
** tricuspid stenosis
** Tricuspid stenosis
Thoracic and spinal
Sensation in the breast is provided by the peripheral nervous system innervation, by means of the front ( anterior ) and side ( lateral ) cutaneous branches of the fourth -, the fifth -, and the sixth intercostal nerves, while the T-4 nerve ( Thoracic spinal nerve 4 ), which innervates the dermatomic area, supplies sensation to the nipple-areola complex.
* Thoracic spinal fusion as a last resort
rect 758 361 785 381 Thoracic spinal nerve 1
The peripheral nervous system innervation of the breast is by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the fourth -, fifth -, and sixth intercostal nerves, while the Thoracic spinal nerve 4 ( T4 ) innervating the dermatomic area supplies sensation to the nipple-areola complex.
* Thoracic spinal nerve 7
The muscle is supplied by the anterior rami of the Thoracic spinal nerves ( intercostal nerves ).
lumbar and spinal
In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal.
In the lumbar and sacral region, the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina.
The relaxation of the spinal erectors which allows the lower back to round can cause shearing in the vertebrae of the lumbar spine, potentially damaging the spinal discs.
The smooth muscle of the bladder, known as the detrusor, is innervated by sympathetic nervous system fibers from the lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic fibers from the sacral spinal cord .< ref >
The sympathetic division has thoracolumbar “ outflow ”, meaning that the neurons begin at the thoracic and lumbar ( T1-L2 ) portions of the spinal cord.
Other treatments include repeated lumbar punctures to remove excess spinal fluid in the cranium.
Further studies. showed that this model when combined with a lumbar spinal cord myelotomy leads to the hindbrain herniation characteristic of the Chiari II malformation and that in utero surgery restores normal hindbrain anatomy by stopping the leak of cerebrospinal fluid through the myelomeningocele lesion.
A 2004 research team at the National University of Health Sciences evaluated changes of the lumbar vertebral column following fixation ( immobility ) by surgically fusing spinal joints in experimental rats.
Conclusions: Monitoring mixed-nerve root discharges in response to spinal manipulative thrusts in vivo in human subjects undergoing lumbar surgery is feasible.
Common causes of sciatica include the following lower back and hip conditions: spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, and piriformis syndrome.
Humans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves, each roughly corresponding to a segment of the vertebral column: 8 cervical spinal nerve pairs ( C1-C8 ), 12 thoracic pairs ( T1-T12 ), 5 lumbar pairs ( L1-L5 ), 5 sacral pairs ( S1-S5 ), and 1 coccygeal pair.
They transmit the special spinal nerves and are situated between the transverse processes in the cervical region, and in front of them in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
A lumbar puncture ( or LP, and colloquially known as a spinal tap ) is a diagnostic and at times therapeutic procedure that is performed in order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological analysis, or very rarely as a treatment (" therapeutic lumbar puncture ") to relieve increased intracranial pressure.
A spinal needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae L3 / L4 or L4 / L5 and pushed in until there is a " give " that indicates the needle is past the ligamentum flavum.
Merritt's Neurology ( 10th edition ), in the section on lumbar puncture, notes that intravenous caffeine injection is often quite effective in aborting these so-called " spinal headaches.
" Contact between the side of the lumbar puncture needle and a spinal nerve root can result in anomalous sensations ( paresthesia ) in a leg during the procedure ; this is harmless and patients can be warned about it in advance to minimize their anxiety if it should occur.
The latter is exceedingly rare, since the level at which the spinal cord ends ( normally the inferior border of L1, although it is slightly lower in infants ) is several vertebral spaces above the proper location for a lumbar puncture ( L3 / L4 ).
Some authorities believe that withdrawal of fluid when initial pressures are abnormal could result in spinal cord compression or cerebral herniation ; others believe that such events are merely coincidental in time, occurring independently as a result of the same pathology that the lumbar puncture was performed to diagnose.
Other compressive spinal causes include lumbar spinal stenosis, a condition in which the spinal canal ( the spaces through which the spinal cord runs ) narrows and compresses the spinal cord, cauda equina, or sciatic nerve roots.
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