** Shunts in the pulmonary circulation or a right-to-left shunt in the heart.

** Diffusing defects such as pulmonary fibrosis where the Aa gradient has increased.

** Massive pulmonary embolization

** after rehydration, a loop diuretic such as furosemide can be given to permit continued large volume intravenous salt and water replacement while minimizing the risk of blood volume overload and pulmonary oedema.

** D-dimer ( when suspicion for pulmonary embolism is present but low )

** from the thorax: pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, ischemic heart disease, pericarditis

** In association with pulmonary asbestosis

** Isolated pulmonary artery banding ( PAB )

** Associated with other diseases ( APAH ): collagen vascular disease ( e. g. scleroderma ), congenital shunts between the systemic and pulmonary circulation, portal hypertension, HIV infection, drugs, toxins, or other diseases or disorders

** Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ), interstitial lung disease ( ILD )

** Pulmonary embolism in the proximal or distal pulmonary arteries

** Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ( where the cause is unknown )

** Cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

** Primary vs secondary pulmonary hypertension

** os or ostium, the " mouth " of a coronary artery

** Aorta ( the largest artery, carries blood out of the heart )

** Branches of the aorta, such as the carotid artery, the subclavian artery, the celiac trunk, the mesenteric arteries, the renal artery and the iliac artery.

** The pathologic process, injury, or disease that directly results in or initiates a series of events that lead to a person's death ( also called mechanism of death ), such as a bullet wound to the head, exsanguination caused by a stab wound, manual or ligature strangulation, myocardial infarction resulting from coronary artery disease, etc.

** Gastroduodenal artery

** Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula: between an artery and vein of the lungs, resulting in shunting of blood.

** Arterial blood sampling, such as radial artery puncture

** Superior thyroid artery -( arise from anterior aspect )

** Ascending pharyngeal artery -( arise from medial ( deep ) aspect )

** Lingual artery -( arise from anterior aspect )

** Facial artery -( arise from anterior aspect )

** Occipital artery -( arise from posterior aspect )

** Maxillary artery

** Superficial temporal artery

** vidian artery

** Ophthalmic artery

** Superior hypophyseal artery

** Posterior communicating artery

** Anterior choroidal artery

** Anterior cerebral artery ( a terminal branch )

** Middle cerebral artery ( a terminal branch )

The bronchus and pulmonary artery in this lung type maintain a close relationship throughout.

The pulmonary artery, in addition to supplying the distal portion of the respiratory bronchiole, the alveolar duct, and the alveoli, continues on and directly supplies the thin pleura ( fig. 8 ).

It does, as in type 1,, supply the hilar lymph nodes, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, the bronchi, and the bronchioles -- terminating in a common capillary bed with the pulmonary artery at the level of the respiratory bronchiole.

Distally the bronchus is situated between a pulmonary artery on one side and a pulmonary vein on the other, as in type 1 ( ( fig. 24 ).

As seen in types 1, and 2,, it supplies the hilar lymph nodes, vasa vasorum to the pulmonary artery and vein, the bronchi and the terminal bronchioles.

This was accounted for primarily by the presence of a bronchial artery closely following the pulmonary artery.

In distal regions its diameter would be one-fourth to one-fifth that of the pulmonary artery.

As early as 1913 Ghoreyeb and Karsner demonstrated with perfusion studies in dogs that bronchial artery flow would remain constant at a certain low level when pressure was maintained in the pulmonary artery and vein, but that increases in bronchial artery flow would occur in response to a relative drop in pulmonary artery pressure.

Our own studies in which bronchial artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses were demonstrated, were accomplished by injecting the bronchial artery first with no pressure on the pulmonary artery or vein, and then by injecting the pulmonary artery and vein afterwards.