** Caseinates, sodium or calcium salts of casein

** epithelial sodium channels ( ENaC )

** Salt ( sodium ) and water retention

** SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

** Phosphorylation of Na < sup >+</ sup >/ K < sup >+</ sup >- ATPase during the transport of sodium ( Na < sup >+</ sup >) and potassium ( K < sup >+</ sup >) ions across the cell membrane in osmoregulation to maintain homeostasis of the body's water content.

** E627 Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate

** E640 Glycine and its sodium salt

** Nitratine, the mineral form of sodium nitrate

** Often sodium silicate, this prevents corrosion of dishwasher components.

** 2 – 21 mmol / L sodium ( lower than blood plasma )

** increased salt intake also can increase body fluid volume as well as increasing urine sodium excretion, which further increases urinary calcium excretion ( In other words, calcium and sodium ( salt ) are handled in a similar way by the kidney.

** Singulair ( montelukast sodium )

** Glauber's salt, sodium sulfate

** Creatinine, urea / blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate

** barbiturates such as phenobarbital, sodium thiopental and secobarbital

** i = 1. 9 for sodium chloride in water, due to the near full dissociation of NaCl into Na < sup >+</ sup > and Cl < sup >-</ sup > ( often simplified as 2 )

** SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, commonly used to analyse proteins

** Cation channels of sperm: This small family of channels, normally referred to as Catsper channels, is related to the two-pore channels and distantly related to TRP channels.

** Inward-rectifier potassium channels: These channels allow potassium to flow into the cell in an inwardly rectifying manner, i. e., potassium flows effectively into, but not out of, the cell.

** Calcium-activated potassium channels: This family of channels is, for the most part, activated by intracellular Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > and contains 8 members.

** Two-pore-domain potassium channels: This family of 15 members form what is known as leak channels, and they follow Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz ( open ) rectification.

** Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: This family of channels is characterized by activation due to the binding of intracellular cAMP or cGMP, with specificity varying by member.

** Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels

** Voltage-gated potassium channels e. g., Kvs, Kirs etc.

** Calcium-activated potassium channels e. g., BKCa or MaxiK, SK, etc.

** Inward-rectifier potassium channels

** Two-pore-domain potassium channels: This family of 15 members form what is known as leak channels, and they follow Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz ( open ) rectification.

** Voltage-gated proton channels

** Most Transient receptor potential channels

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The density of voltage-gated sodium channels is much higher here than is found in the adjacent cell body, excepting the axon hillock.

* Brugada syndrome is another ventricular arrhythmia caused by voltage-gated sodium channel gene mutations.

In normal muscle contraction, cumulative activation of the nAChR leads to influx of sodium ions, which in turn causes the depolarization of muscle cell and subsequent opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Phenytoin acts to suppress the abnormal brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells by stabilizing the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels.

In animal cells, there are two primary types of action potentials, one type generated by voltage-gated sodium channels, the other by voltage-gated calcium channels.

Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane, in particular the so-called voltage-gated sodium channels.

The major molecular targets of marketed anticonvulsant drugs are voltage-gated sodium channels and components of the GABA system, including GABA < sub > A </ sup > receptors, the GAT-1 GABA transporter, and GABA transaminase.

Both enantiomers of the drug have a local anesthetic ( topical ) effect, which is normally mediated by blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Few studies have demonstrated propranolol's ability to block cardiac, neuronal, and skeletal voltage-gated sodium channels, accounting for its known " membrane stabilizing effect " and anti-arrhythmic and other central nervous system effects.

During depolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels open, increasing the neuron's membrane conductance for sodium ions and depolarizing the cell's membrane potential ( from typically-70 mV toward a positive potential ).

During repolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels inactivate ( different from the close state ) due to the now-depolarized membrane, and voltage-gated potassium channels activate ( open ).

The refractory periods are due to the inactivation property of voltage-gated sodium channels and the lag of potassium channels in closing.

However, voltage-gated potassium channels that opened in response to depolarization do not close as quickly as voltage-gated sodium channels return to the active closed state.

The beginning of the action potential, phase 0, specialized membrane proteins ( voltage-gated sodium channels ) in the cell membrane selectively allow sodium ions to enter the cell.

Outer segments are actually modified cilia that contain disks filled with opsin, the molecule that absorbs photons, as well as voltage-gated sodium channels.

One of the most important members of this group is a type of voltage-gated sodium channel that underlies action potentials — these are sometimes called Hodgkin-Huxley sodium channels because they were initially characterized by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley in their Nobel Prize-winning studies of the physiology of the action potential.