1185 – 1261 ), Pope from 1254 until his death

* 1228 – Conrad IV of Germany ( d. 1254 )

* Conrad II of Jerusalem ( 1228 – 1254 )

# Margaret of France ( 1254 – 71 ), married John I, Duke of Brabant

Marco Polo (; ; September 15, 1254 – January 9, 1324 ) was a Venetian merchant traveler whose travels are recorded in Il Milione, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China.

* 1254 – Serbian King Stephen Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty.

* 1254 – Marie of Brabant, Queen of France ( d. 1321 )

1185 – 25 May 1261 ) was Pope from 1254 until his death.

* A. Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di curia e familiae cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Padova 1972, p. 358 – 365

Cardinali di curia e familiae cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254 in series Italia Sacra vols 18 – 19 ( Padua: Antenore 1972 ) A standard account.

* Iben Fonnesberg ‐ Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147 – 1254 ( Leiden, Brill.

Pope Innocent IV ( c. 1195 – 7 December 1254 ), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was Pope from 25 June 1243 until his death in 1254.

Like Pope Innocent III ( 1198 – 1216 ), Pope Gregory IX ( 1227 – 1241 ) and Pope Alexander IV ( 1254 – 1261 ), he was a member of the family of the Conti, counts and dukes of Segni.

* 1254 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer.

* 1248 – 1254 — Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, Crusaders ultimately withdraw.

* 1254 – King Louis IX of France, having exhausted his funds and being needed at home, abandons the Seventh Crusade ( which he had conducted first in Egypt and then Syria ) and returns to France.

* 1254 – King Afonso III of Portugal holds the first session of the Cortes ( Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class, and representatives from all municipalities ) in Leiria.

* 1254 – In England, an important step in the evolution of the Parliament and Peerage occurs, as lesser barons are replaced on the King's Council by elected representatives from shires and cities.

* 1254 – The classic Japanese text Kokin Chomonjo is completed.

* 1254 – The Horses of Saint Mark, once supposed to have adorned the Arch of Trajan in ancient Rome, are installed at Saint Mark's Basilica in Venice.

* 1254 – Construction is begun on the Cathedral of Saint Martin in Utrecht.

The Great Interregnum, a period in which there were several elected rival kings non of whom was able to achieve any position of authority, followed the death of Frederick's son King Conrad IV of Germany in 1254.

Therefore, after a failed agreement with Charles of Anjou, he invested that kingdom to Edmund, the nine-year-old son of King Henry III of England, on 14 May 1254.

King Louis again disapproved, and on his return from Outremer in 1254 he returned Hainaut to John.

In 1254, he was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV as a supporter of King Conrad, due to ongoing political conflicts between the Emperor, who held the Kingdom of Sicily and wanted to reestablish his power in the Imperial Kingdom of Italy, especially in the Lombardy region, and the Papacy, whose States lay in between and feared being overpowered by the Emperor.

In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward's father to arrange a politically expedient marriage between his fourteen-year-old son and Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.

With the death of Ottokar the first line of rulers of Styria became extinct ; the region fell successively to the Babenberg family, rulers of Austria, as stipulated in the Georgenberg Pact ; after their extinction to the control of Hungary ( 1254 – 60 ); to King Ottokar of Bohemia ; in 1276 to the Habsburgs, who provided it with Habsburgs for Styrian dukes during the years 1379-1439 and 1564-1619.

In 1254 Alfonso X signed a treaty of alliance with the King of England and Duke of Aquitaine, Henry III, supporting him in the war against Louis IX of France.

Conrad ( 25 March 1252 – 29 October 1268 ), called the Younger or the Boy, but usually known by the diminutive Conradin (, ), was the Duke of Swabia ( 1254 – 1268, as Conrad IV ), King of Jerusalem ( 1254 – 1268, as Conrad III ), and King of Sicily ( 1254 – 1258, de jure until 1268, as Conrad II ).

Ingeborg died in 1254 and in 1261 Birger married the widow of King Abel of Denmark, the Danish queen dowager, Matilda of Holstein.

Coat of arms of Charles II of Naples. Charles II, known as " the Lame " ( French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo ) ( 1254 – 5 May 1309 ) was King of Naples, King of Albania, Prince of Salerno, Prince of Achaea and Count of Anjou.

An order from King Henry III in 1225 allowed the collection of donations from across the island for reconstruction for a period of four years, and the work, in the Early English Gothic style, lasted at least until rededication in 1254.

In 1603 the first Western publication on the topic of the Assassins was authored by a court official for King Henry IV and was mainly based on the narratives of Marco Polo ( 1254 – 1324 ) from his visits to the Near East.

After the death of the German King Konrad IV in 1254, Ottokar also hoped to obtain the Imperial dignity for himself, but his election bid was unsuccessful and Richard of Cornwall was elected instead.

King Henry III then passed the Lordship of Chester, but not the title of Earl, to his son the Lord Edward in 1254 ; as King Edward I he in turn conferred the title and the lands of the Earldom on his son, Edward, the first English Prince of Wales.

In France, dicing was played by both knights and ladies, despite repeated legislation, including interdictions on the part of St. Louis in 1254 and 1256.

In 1254, Louis IX issued a decree prohibiting his court officials and subjects from playing dice games.

Having lost his father in 1254, he grew up at the court of his uncle and guardian, Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria.

The practice of expelling the Jews accompanied by confiscation of their property, followed by temporary readmissions for ransom, was used to enrich the crown: expulsions from Paris by Philip Augustus in 1182, from France by Louis IX in 1254, by Charles IV in 1322, by Charles V in 1359, by Charles VI in 1394.

The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254.

In 1254 Louis ' money ran out, and his presence was needed in France where his mother and regent Blanche of Castile had recently died.

The " king who conquered Syria " is a mocking reference to Louis, who was still in Syria ( 1254 ) when Bernart was writing, probably in hopes that the English and Aragonese kings would take advantage of the French monarch's absence.

Though Vincent may well have been summoned to Royaumont even before 1240, there is no actual proof that he lived there before the return of Louis IX and his wife from the Holy Land, early in the summer of 1254 ; but it is evident that he must have written his work De Eruditione Filiorum Nobilium ( where he styles himself as " Vincentius Belvacensis, de ordine praedicatorum, qualiscumque lector in monasterio de Regali Monte ") after this date and yet before January 1260, the approximate date of his Tractatus Consolatorius occasioned by the death of the king's son Louis that year.

The most notable such expulsions were from Paris by Philip Augustus in 1182, from the whole of France by Louis IX in 1254, by Charles IV in 1306, by Charles V in 1322 and by Charles VI in 1394.

* Margaret of France ( 1254 – 1271 ), daughter of Louis IX of France, wife of John I, Duke of Brabant

Louis IX King of France ( often known as " St Louis ") landed at Hyères in 1254 when returning from the Crusades.

A son of Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland by his wife Bethóc, daughter of Gille Críst, Earl of Angus, Alexander is said to have accompanied Louis IX of France on the Seventh Crusade ( 1248 – 1254 ).

Henry I died in 1253, and Louis IX left for France in 1254, leaving John as bailli of Jerusalem.