* 1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.

* 1574 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general ( b. 1538 )

* 1599 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese general ( b. 1538 )

On 9 November 1555 Cardinal Ippolito II d ' Este ( famed as the builder of the Villa d ' Este at Tivoli ), wrote to Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua ( 1538 – 1587 ), that he has heard that His Grace is interested in his cantoretti, and offering to send him two, so that he could choose one for his own service.

The Bible describes Jesus ' tomb as being outside the city wall, as was normal for burials across the ancient world, which were regarded as unclean, but the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is in the heart of Hadrian's city, well within the Old City walls, which were built by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1538 Some have claimed that the city had been much narrower in Jesus ' time, with the site then having been outside the walls ; since Herod Agrippa ( 41 – 44 ) is recorded by history as extending the city to the north ( beyond the present northern walls ), the required repositioning of the western wall is traditionally attributed to him as well.

* 1598 – Philips van Marnix, lord of Sint-Aldegonde, Dutch writer and statesman ( b. 1538 )

# Francesco Maria I della Rovere ( 1490 – 1538 )

Diego de Almagro, ( c. 1475 – July 8, 1538 ), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo ( The Elder ), was a Spanish conquistador and a companion and later rival of Francisco Pizarro.

* 1538 – Treaty of Nagyvarad between Ferdinand I and John Zápolya.

* Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach ( 1538 – 1604 ) married in 1556 Henry V of Plauen, Burgrave of Meissen.

* 1538 – The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.

* 1538 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general ( d. 1574 )

* 1538 – Geneva expels John Calvin and his followers from the city.

* 1538 – John Forrest, English friar and martyr ( b. 1471 )

Important naval victories of the Ottoman Empire in this period include the Battle of Preveza ( 1538 ); Battle of Ponza ( 1552 ); Battle of Djerba ( 1560 ); conquest of Algiers ( in 1516 and 1529 ) and Tunis ( in 1534 and 1574 ) from Spain ; conquest of Rhodes ( 1522 ) and Tripoli ( 1551 ) from the Knights of St. John ; capture of Nice ( 1543 ) from the Holy Roman Empire ; capture of Corsica ( 1553 ) from the Republic of Genoa ; capture of the Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) from Spain ; capture of Aden ( 1548 ), Muscat ( 1552 ) and Aceh ( 1565 – 67 ) from Portugal during the Indian Ocean expeditions ; among others.

* 1538 – The first university in the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is established.

* 1538 – Ottoman – Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.

* Guglielmo I Gonzaga ( 1538 – 1587 ), Duke of Mantua

* April 14 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general ( b. 1538 )

* July 10 – Joan Terès i Borrull, viceroy of Catalonia ( b. 1538 )

* December 15 – Philips van Marnix, lord of Sint-Aldegonde, Dutch writer and statesman ( b. 1538 )

* October 28 – Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shogun ( b. 1538 )

* February 13 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter ( b. 1538 )

* April 27 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord ( b. 1538 )

** Hōjō Ujimasa, Japanese warlord ( b. 1538 )

The conspiracy was led by General Yi Il ( 이일, 李鎰, 1538 – 1601 ), who would later fail to repel the Japanese invasion at the Battle of Sangju.

The oldest written records of the language are those of Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540, publishing his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú in 1560.

The word ' rauschpfeife ', in addition to referring to a specific wind instrument, was sometimes used to denote woodwind instruments in general: for example an order placed for instruments by the Nuremberg town council in 1538 indicated a need for ' rauschpfeiffen ', but when the order was filled, it included recorders, cornetts, shawms and other instruments, but none specifically named ' rauschpfeife '.

** John Forrest, English martyr and friar ( d. 1538 )

* January 12 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda, Baron of Breda ( d. 1538 )

** Pierre Gringore, French poet and playwright ( d. 1538 )

** Marino Ascanio Caracciolo, Italian cardinal ( d. 1538 )

* November 9 – Charles, Duke of Guelders ( d. 1538 )

: Diane, duchesse d ' Angoulême ( 1538 – 1619 ).

* Claude d ' Annebaut ( 1500 – 1552 ), Marshal of France in 1538

* John Barnewall, 3rd Baron Trimlestown ( d. 1538 )

* James Butler, 10th Baron Dunboyne ( d. 1538 )

Claude d ' Annebault ( circa 1495-1552 ) was a French military man who became an admiral and was named Admiral of France in 1538.

# Lady Katherine Clinton ( b. c. 1538 – d. 14 August 1621 ).

# Johann Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha ( 1554 – 1565 ) ( b. Torgau, 16 January 1538 – d. Jena, 31 October 1565 ).

* Pietro Bernardo ( d. 1538 ) ( senator )

Jane ( d. before 26 October 1538 ) married Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu, the elder brother of Reginald Pole, who was executed in 1539.

* Christopher Conyers, 2nd Baron Conyers ( d. 1538 )

1480 – 1538 ), Baldung Grien, Christoph Amberger ( d. 1562 ), Dürer, and Lucas Cranach the Elder ( 1472 – 1553 ).

Having learned the Quran by heart at age seven according to its own interpretation ( bi tafsirihi ), he studied the fundamentals of Maliki jurisprudence and texts like the Mukhtasar of Khalil, the Risala of al-Qushayri ( d. 1052 ), the Akhdari ( d. 1538 ) in logic, the Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldoun, the Mudawwana of Sahnun (" Abdessalam ibn Said Tanukhi Qayrawani ," d. 854 ) with local scholars, such as Sidi Mohammed ibn Hammu Tijani, Sidi Aissa Bouakkaz Tijani, and Sidi Ibn Bouafiya Tijani.

* Hélisenne de Crenne ( Marguerite Briet ) Les Angoysses douloureuses qui procedent d ’ amours ( 1538 )

* Les Angoisses douloureuses qui procèdent d ' amours (" The Torments of Love ") ( 1538 )