* 1665 – John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician ( d. 1751 )

* 1665 – Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer ( d. 1729 )

* 1665 – Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer ( d. 1721 )

* Principality of Anhalt-Plötzkau 1544 – 1553 and 1603 – 1665

Thābit's formula was rediscovered by Fermat ( 1601 – 1665 ) and Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), to whom it is sometimes ascribed, and extended by Euler ( 1707 – 1783 ).

Other notable 17th-century outbreaks were the Italian Plague ( 1629 – 1631 ); the Great Plague of Seville ( 1647 – 1652 ); the Great Plague of London ( 1665 – 1666 ); and the Great Plague of Vienna ( 1679 ).

Nicolas Poussin ( 1594 – 1665 ), French.

* 1665 – Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet, French socialite ( b. 1588 )

* 1726 – Samuel Penhallow, English-born American colonist and historian ( b. 1665 )

* 1729 – Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer ( b. 1665 )

* 1665 – The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter

* 1665 – Tarquinio Merula, Italian composer

* Sir John Gordon, 2nd Baronet ( c. 1632 – 1665 )

* 1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher ( d. 1665 )

* 1665 – Anne of Great Britain, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland ( d. 1714 )

The Great Plague ( 1665 – 1666 ) was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in the Kingdom of England ( part of modern day United Kingdom ).

Despite the arguably greater architectural inventiveness of Borromini and Cortona, Bernini's artistic pre-eminence, particularly during the reigns of popes Urban VIII ( 1623 – 1644 ) and Alexander VII ( 1655 – 1665 ), meant he was able to secure the most important commission in the Rome of his day, St. Peter's Basilica.

Philip III was succeeded in 1621 by his son Philip IV of Spain ( reigned 1621 – 1665 ).

In the reign of Philip's developmentally disabled son and successor Charles II ( 1665 – 1700 ), Spain was essentially left leaderless and was gradually being reduced to a second-rank power.

While in the household, Swift would read passages from Robert Boyle's Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects ( 1665 ) for the young Esther Johnson (" Stella " to Swift ).

* Reflections ; or Sentences and Moral Maxims ( 1665 – 1678 ) by François de La Rochefoucauld ( 1613 – 1680 )

In 1665, St. Croix reverted by purchase to the French West India Company, and upon the Company's collapse in 1674, the King of France claimed it as part of his dominions, although the island was subsequently ordered to be abandoned as an economic failure-the date of abandoning would later be hotly disputed.

* 1665 – New Experiments and Observations upon Cold

He was invested in 1666 with the Order of the Garter ( which had been bestowed upon him in 1650 ), and was advanced to a dukedom on 16 March 1665.

At the end of 1665, he was called upon to fight again, being given a joint commission with Prince Rupert against the Dutch in the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

His chief prose works are the Observations upon Monsieur de Sorbier's Voyage into England ( London, 1665 ), a satirical reply to the strictures on Englishmen in Samuel de Sorbière's book Relation d ’ un voyage en Angleterre ( Paris, 1664 ), and a History of the Royal Society of London ( London, 1667 ), which Sprat had helped to found.

He was reinstated in the offices he had filled under Charles I ; was invested in 1661 with the Order of the Garter which had been bestowed upon him in 1650, and was advanced to a dukedom on 16 March 1665.

This provoked Thomas Sprat ( then spokesman for and historian of the Society ) to publish Observations upon Monsieur de Sorbier's Voyage into England ( London: 1665 ) as a reply to Sorbière's perceived insults against both English culture and the Society in particular.

The movement in its beginnings provoked at least no active hostility ; but when Gichtel began to attack the teaching of the Lutheran clergy and church, especially upon the fundamental doctrine of justification by faith, he exposed himself to a prosecution which resulted in sentence of banishment and confiscation ( 1665 ).

Several of the women who later came to be favourites to King Louis XIV were from her household: Louise de La Vallière, who gave birth there to two sons of the king, in 1663 and 1665 ; Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan, who supplanted Louise ; and Angélique de Fontanges, who was in service to the second Duchess of Orléans.

In 1665, London was swept by a visitation of the plague, and then, in 1666, the capital was swept by the Great Fire, which raged for 5 days, destroying approximately 15, 000 buildings.

* 1665 – Battle of Ambuila, in which Portuguese forces defeat the forces of the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitated king Antonio I of Kongo, also called Nvita a Nkanga.

In 1665 he almost quarrelled with his fellow-Platonist, Henry More, because the latter had written an ethical work which Cudworth feared would interfere with his own long-contemplated treatise on the same subject.

The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance ; the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory ; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England ; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited clergymen from coming within five miles ( 8 km ) of a parish from which they had been banished.

Making a trip to Paris in 1665, Wren studied the architecture, which had reached a climax of creativity, and perused the drawings of Bernini, the great Italian sculptor and architect.

Christian Huygens published details of a heliocentric planetary machine in 1703, which he built while resident in Paris between 1665 and 1681.

Horse racing in the United States and on the North American continent dates back to 1665, which saw the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York.

The town of Lyme was set off from Saybrook ( now known as Deep River ), which is on the west bank of the river mouth, on February 13, 1665.

In this Second Anglo-Dutch War ( 1665 – 1667 ) he won a hard-fought victory in the Four Days Battle ( June 1666 ) but narrowly escaped disaster in the St James's Day Battle ( August 1666 ) which brought him into conflict with Cornelis Tromp, eventually leading to Tromp's dismissal.

On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish Empire had reached its territorial zenith, spanning a then-unheard-of, but in other respects was in decline, a process to which Philip's inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform is felt to have contributed.

But his comedies -- especially his first piece Les Rivales ( 1653 ), L ' Amant indiscret ( 1654 ), which has some likeness to Molière's Étourdi, Le Fantôme amoureux ( 1659 ), and La Mère coquette ( 1665 ), perhaps the best -- are much better.

* the Five Mile Act, 17 Charles II c. 2, ( 1665 ), which sought to prevent nonconformists from living in incorporated and chartered towns.

A Royal Commission was appointed and in 1665 recommended the project which was finally ordered by Louis XIV in 1666 with the possible expenditure of 3, 360, 000 livres.

On his way from Jerusalem to Smyrna, Sabbatai was enthusiastically greeted in the large Asiatic community of Aleppo, and at Smyrna, which he reached in the autumn of 1665, the greatest homage was paid to him.

The control of foreign affairs was entrusted to him, and he was chiefly responsible for the attack on the Smyrna fleet and for the Second Anglo-Dutch War, during which he ironically married the beautiful Dutch Elisabeth van Nassau-Beverweert ( 28 December 1633-18 January 1718 ) in March 1665.

A lease was signed on the 23rd December 1665 and was renewed from time to time until the special services ceased in 1816, by which time the Huguenots had been fully assimilated into the city population.

In 1665 he began building himself Berkeley House, a palace near Piccadilly, which was destroyed by fire in 1733, on the site of Devonshire House.

In his own college he completed in 1665 the north side of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's great quadrangle, already begun by his father but abandoned during the Commonwealth ; in 1672, he rebuilt the east side of the Chaplain's quadrangle " with a straight passage under it leading from the cloister into the field ," occupied now by the new Meadow Buildings ; the lodgings of the canon of the third stall in the passage uniting the Tom Quad and Peckwater Quadrangle ( c. 1674 ); a long building joining the Chaplain's quadrangle on the east side in 1677 – 1678 ; and lastly the great Tom Tower gate, begun in June 1681 on the foundation laid by Wolsey and finished in November 1682, to which the bell " great Tom ," after being recast, was transferred from the cathedral in 1683.

During 1665 – 66 Sidney wrote Court Maxims, in which he argued for a reversal of the Restoration of the monarchy: "... as death is the greatest evil that can befall a person, monarchy is the worst evil that can befall a nation ".

He originally developed the method at Woolsthorpe Manor during the closing of Cambridge during the Great Plague of London from 1665 to 1667, but did not choose to make his findings known ( similarly, his findings which eventually became the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica were developed at this time and hidden from the world in Newton's notes for many years ).

His Mémoires, which are an important source for the history of his time, were first published at Cologne in 1665.