* 1653 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English soldier and politician ( d. 1688 )

* 1688 – Frederick William I of Prussia ( d. 1740 )

English conservatism, which was called Toryism, emerged during the Restoration ( 1660 – 1688 ).

The Qianlong Emperor in ceremonial armor on horseback, painted by Giuseppe Castiglione ( 1688 – 1766 ) | Giuseppe Castiglione, dated 1739 or 1758.

Mather lived on Hanover Street ( Boston, Massachusetts ) | Hanover Street, Boston, 1688 – 1718

* 1688 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman ( b. 1634 )

From 1697 to 1698 he defended the right of King William III to a standing army during disarmament after the Treaty of Ryswick ( 1697 ) had ended the Nine Years ' War ( 1688 – 97 ).

The theory of divine right was abandoned in England during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 – 89.

Ecological concepts such as food chains, population regulation, and productivity were first developed in the 1700s, through the published works of microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 – 1723 ) and botanist Richard Bradley ( 1688 ?– 1732 ).

* 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.

* 1620 – Frederick William, Duke of Prussia ( d. 1688 )

Frederick William I () ( 14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740 ) was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg ( as Frederick William II ) from 1713 until his death.

Louis XIV of France conquered parts of Alsace and Lorraine ( 1678 – 1681 ), and had invaded and devastated the Electorate of the Palatinate ( 1688 – 1697 ) in the War of Palatinian Succession.

* 1688 – 1711: Philip William, Prince in Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt ( son of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg )

* 1640 – 1688: Frederick I / III William the Great Elector ( son of, also Elector of Brandenburg )

* 1688 – Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer ( b. 1667 )

* 1688 – The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William ( continuing the English rebellion from Rome ), which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.

* 1634 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman ( d. 1688 )

* 1688 – Juraj Jánošík, Slovak criminal ( d. 1713 )

* 1635 – Philippe Quinault, French writer ( d. 1688 )

* The Jacobites, Britain and Europe 1688 – 1788, Daniel Szechi, Manchester University Press 1994 ISBN 0-7190-3774-3

* 1689 – The Convention Parliament convenes to determine if James II and VII, the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Ireland and Scotland, had vacated the thrones when he fled to France in 1688.

* 1688 – Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian missionary ( d. 1766 )

In Britain, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to a constitutional monarchy restricted by laws such as the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, although limits on the power of the monarch (' a limited monarchy ') are much older than that ( see Magna Carta ).

A meaningful starting point, however, is 1688 – 9 when James II fled England and the Parliament of England confirmed William and Mary as joint constitutional monarchs, enacting legislation that limited their authority and that of their successors: the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ), the Mutiny Bill ( 1689 ), the Triennial Bill ( 1694 ), the Treason Act ( 1696 ) and the Act of Settlement ( 1701 ).

At the same time, Austria was becoming more involved in competition with France in Western Europe, with Austria fighting the French in the Third Dutch War ( 1672 – 1679 ), the War of the League of Augsburg ( 1688 – 1697 ) and finally the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 – 1714 ), in which the French and Austrians ( along with their British, Dutch and Catalonian allies ) fought over the inheritance of the vast territories of the Spanish Habsburgs.

They also agreed that future monarchs should no longer be prohibited from marrying a Catholic – a law which dates from the Act of Settlement 1701, following the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

* 1688 – 1713 Frederick I, son, King in Prussia from 1701

* 1701: Elector Frederick III ( 1688 – 1701 ) crowned himself as Frederick I ( 1701 – 1713 ), King in Prussia.

* James II ( 1633 – 1701 ), formerly Duke of York, who in 1688 marched his troops to Salisbury Plain to resist the invasion from his son-in-law William of Orange, only to retreat and disperse them as his support began to evaporate.

In this revolution, James II ( 1633 – 1701, reigning 1685-1688 ), a Catholic, a younger brother to Charles II, and a strong believer in the Divine right of kings, was forced to flee to France in 1688 by the Protestant Parliamentarian forces.

Other fires ravaged the complex in 1588, 1618 ( when the Bit Pazari was destroyed ), 1645, 1652, 1658, 1660 ( on that occasion the whole city was devastated ) 1687, 1688 ( great damage occurred to the Uzun Carsi ) 1695, 1701.

# Maria Clementina ( July 18, 1702 – January 24, 1735 ), married James Francis Edward Stuart ( 1688 – 1766 ), son of King James II of England ( 1633 – 1701 ) and had issue ;

Bosman, a Dutch tradesman who worked for the Dutch West India Company at the Gold Coast ( modern day Ghana ) from 1688 – 1701, wrote of " Jakhals, of Boshond " ( jackals or woodland dogs ) whose physical descriptions match the spotted hyena.

In the United Kingdom, the reforms will require amendments to numerous pieces of legislation including the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement 1701, the Union with Scotland Act 1707 and the Coronation Oath Act 1688, Princess Sophia's Precedence Act 1711, the Royal Marriages Act 1772, the Union with Ireland Act 1800, the Accession Declaration Act 1910 and the Regency Act 1937.

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After the death of James II in 1701, the Jacobite claim to the thrones of Scotland and England was taken up by his only surviving legitimate son, James Francis Edward Stuart ( 1688 – 1766 ).

By marrying Frederick, she became Electress of Brandenburg in 1688, and after the elevation of Brandenburg-Prussia to a kingdom in 1701, she became the first Queen in Prussia.

* 29 April 1688 – 18 January 1701 Her Serene Highness the Electress of Brandenburg

He met with James Francis Edward Stuart, the " Old Pretender " and son of James II, sometimes known in Europe as the rightful James III, or Prince James, the Prince of Wales ( James Francis Edward Stuart ; " The Old Pretender " or " The Old Chevalier "; 10 June 1688 – an orphan in 1701, aged 13 – 1 January 1766 ) who created him Jacobite Duke of Northumberland in 1716.

He was one of the driving forces behind the anti-France coalitions of the Nine Years ' War ( 1688 – 97 ) and the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 – 14 ).

Plucknett notes that " the Revolution of 1688 marks the abandonment of the doctrine of Bonham's Case ", but in 1701 the common law judges cited Coke's decision with approval in City of London v Woo, with John Holt concluding that Coke's statement is " a very reasonable and true saying ".