* 1653 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English soldier and politician ( d. 1688 )

English conservatism, which was called Toryism, emerged during the Restoration ( 1660 – 1688 ).

The Qianlong Emperor in ceremonial armor on horseback, painted by Giuseppe Castiglione ( 1688 – 1766 ) | Giuseppe Castiglione, dated 1739 or 1758.

Mather lived on Hanover Street ( Boston, Massachusetts ) | Hanover Street, Boston, 1688 – 1718

* 1688 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman ( b. 1634 )

From 1697 to 1698 he defended the right of King William III to a standing army during disarmament after the Treaty of Ryswick ( 1697 ) had ended the Nine Years ' War ( 1688 – 97 ).

The theory of divine right was abandoned in England during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 – 89.

Ecological concepts such as food chains, population regulation, and productivity were first developed in the 1700s, through the published works of microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 – 1723 ) and botanist Richard Bradley ( 1688 ?– 1732 ).

* 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.

* 1620 – Frederick William, Duke of Prussia ( d. 1688 )

Frederick William I () ( 14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740 ) was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg ( as Frederick William II ) from 1713 until his death.

Louis XIV of France conquered parts of Alsace and Lorraine ( 1678 – 1681 ), and had invaded and devastated the Electorate of the Palatinate ( 1688 – 1697 ) in the War of Palatinian Succession.

* 1688 – 1711: Philip William, Prince in Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt ( son of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg )

* 1640 – 1688: Frederick I / III William the Great Elector ( son of, also Elector of Brandenburg )

* 1688 – 1701: Frederick II / IV / I ( also Elector of Brandenburg and King in Prussia )

* 1688 – Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer ( b. 1667 )

* 1688 – The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William ( continuing the English rebellion from Rome ), which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.

* 1634 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman ( d. 1688 )

* 1688 – Juraj Jánošík, Slovak criminal ( d. 1713 )

* 1635 – Philippe Quinault, French writer ( d. 1688 )

* The Jacobites, Britain and Europe 1688 – 1788, Daniel Szechi, Manchester University Press 1994 ISBN 0-7190-3774-3

* 1689 – The Convention Parliament convenes to determine if James II and VII, the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Ireland and Scotland, had vacated the thrones when he fled to France in 1688.

* 1688 – Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian missionary ( d. 1766 )

The history of Potsdamer Platz can probably be traced back to 29 October 1685, when the Tolerance Edict of Potsdam was signed, whereby Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia from 1640 to 1688, allowed large numbers of religious refugees, including Jews from Austria and Huguenots expelled from France, to settle on his territory.

The biggest of these was Friedrichstadt, just south west of the historic core of Berlin, begun in 1688 and named after new Elector Frederick William III, who later became King Frederick I of Prussia.

* May 31 – Frederick William I, King in Prussia ( b. 1688 )

He did not join the League of Augsburg of 1686 against France, but he did travel personally to The Hague in March 1688, to discuss with William of Orange, Georg Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and Frederick Wilhelm of Brandenburg possible moves against Louis XIV.

Frederick William ( r. 1640 – 1688 ), known as the Great Elector, used the uncertainties of the final stages of the Thirty Years ' War to consolidate his territories into the dominant kingdom in northern Germany, whilst increasing his power over his subjects.

* Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg ( 1620 – 1688 ), Duke of Prussia

* Frederick William I of Prussia ( 1688 – 1740 ), King of Prussia

In the time of Frederick William ( 1688 ), shortly after the Thirty Years ' war and a century before the gate was constructed, Berlin was a small walled city within a star fort with several named gates: Spandauer Tor, St. Georgen Tor, Stralower Tor, Cöpenicker Tor, Neues Tor, and Leipziger Tor ( see map ).

In 1688 the later King Frederick William I of Prussia became the nominally Commander of the Regiment by his birth as his father expected him to play with his own Regiment and receive some military training.

In 1688 Pufendorf was called into the service of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.

* 1640 – 1688 Frederick William I, son

* 1688 – 1713 Frederick I, son, King in Prussia from 1701

* 1701: Elector Frederick III ( 1688 – 1701 ) crowned himself as Frederick I ( 1701 – 1713 ), King in Prussia.

* Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, the " Great Elector " of Brandenburg-Prussia ( 1620 – 1688 )

* King Frederick William I of Prussia ( 1688 – 1740 )

After the Thirty Years War ( 1618 – 1648 ), Frederick William ( 1620 – 1688 ), the " Great Elector ", embellished the palace further.

Along with James II's perceived despotism, his religion was the main cause of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the previous linked religious and succession problems solved by the joint monarchy of William and Mary.

Owing to the refusal of the chief officers of the corporation to take the oath of allegiance to William III in 1688, the charter was annulled, and the town subsequently declined in prosperity.

But with the flight of James in 1688 and the arrival of the Calvinist William of Orange the position of the parties changed.

William III was crowned in 1688, and Defoe immediately became one of his close allies and a secret agent.

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England ( James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland ) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau ( William of Orange ).

After consolidating political and financial support, William crossed the North Sea and English Channel with a large invasion fleet in November 1688, landing at Torbay.

In November 1688, William landed in England with an invading force, and succeeding in being crowned king.

Because of its strategic position, Harwich was the target for the invasion of Britain by William of Orange on November 11, 1688.

After James II was deposed in 1688 and replaced by his daughter Mary II, ruling jointly with her husband and first cousin ( James's nephew ) William III, the Stuarts lived in exile, occasionally attempting to regain the throne.

Locke accompanied William of Orange's wife back to England in 1688.

* 1688 – The Glorious Revolution: William of Orange captures Exeter.

* 1688 – William III of Orange sets out a second time from Hellevoetsluis in the Netherlands to invade England, Scotland and Ireland from King James II of England during the Glorious Revolution.

* 1688 – The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Brixham.

* 1688 – William Cheselden, English surgeon and anatomist ( d. 1752 )

A meaningful starting point, however, is 1688 – 9 when James II fled England and the Parliament of England confirmed William and Mary as joint constitutional monarchs, enacting legislation that limited their authority and that of their successors: the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ), the Mutiny Bill ( 1689 ), the Triennial Bill ( 1694 ), the Treason Act ( 1696 ) and the Act of Settlement ( 1701 ).