Some English government officials felt that Louis Bonaparte was seeking foreign adventure in the spirit of his uncle — Napoleon I. Consequently, these officials felt that any close association with Louis Bonaparte would eventually lead Britain into another series of wars, like the wars with France and Napoleon dating from 1793 until 1815.

The Federalists — too elitist to appeal to most people — faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815.

At the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815, the left-bank Palatinate — enlarged by other territories such as the former Bishopric of Speyer and the free imperial city of Speyer — was returned to the Wittelsbachs and became a formal part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816 in exchange for Tirol, which Bavaria ceded to Austria.

In her " capitalism peace theory ," Ayn Rand held that the major wars of history were started by the more controlled economies of the time against the freer ones and that capitalism gave mankind the longest period of peace in history — a period during which there were no wars involving the entire civilized world — from the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, with the exceptions of the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870 ), the Spanish-American War ( 1898 ), and the American Civil War ( 1860-1863 ), which, notably, occurred in perhaps the most liberal economy in the world at the peak of the industrial revolution.

( Interestingly, this particular commission was never put to use, as it was issued the same day the treaty was signed ending the U. S. involvement in the war — July 3, 1815.

Expenditure on the army was slashed in the 1815 budget — in 1814, the military had accounted for 55 % of government spending.

On 24 August 1815 William — since 16 March King William I of the Netherlands — having proclaimed himself King of the larger United Netherlands six days earlier, issued the first version of the current constitution, the Grondwet voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden or Loi fondamentale du Royaume des Pays-Bas, establishing the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now expanding his realm with the territory of the present state of Belgium, which would again secede from it in 1830.

* Richard Thomas, Civil Engineer — in 1815, he produced a survey of the navigation of the River Severn

Some cities — though also members of different confederacies at that time — officially became sovereign city-states in the 19th century — such as the Canton of Basel City ( 1833 – 48 ), the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( 1806 – 11 and again 1813 – 71 ), the Free City of Frankfurt upon Main ( 1815 – 66 ), the Canton of Geneva ( 1813 – 48 ), the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg ( 1806 – 11 and again 1814 – 71 ) and the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck ( 1806 – 11 and again 1813 – 71 ).

After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815, the surviving member states of the defunct Holy Roman Empire joined to form the German Confederation ( Deutscher Bund ) — a rather loose organization, especially because the two great rivals, the Austrian Empire and the Prussian kingdom, each feared domination by the other.

Only after 1815 — after Jean Antoine Breton had solved the problems with the punched card mechanism — did sales of looms increase.

It has been a grand duchy since 1815 when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom and Luxembourg was handed over to the King of the Netherlands, William I. Luxembourg remained in personal union with the Netherlands crown until 1890 when William III, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, died without leaving a male heir, so that in the Netherlands he was succeeded by his daughter Wilhelmina and, in the Luxembourgish Grand Duchy, by a distant male cousin, Duke Adolf of Nassau who became HRH Grand Duke Adolphe — an arrangement necessitated by Salic law being applicable to Luxembourg but not to the Netherlands.

Ballou preached at Barnard, Vermont and surrounding towns in 1801 — 1807 ; at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1807 — 1815 ; at Salem, Massachusetts in 1815 — 1817 ; and, as pastor of the Second Universalist Church in Boston, from December 1817 until his death there.

Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend ( 1814 ), and the British at the Battle of New Orleans ( 1815 ).

A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington and Field Marshal von Blücher defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

In that capacity, he served at the Battle of Ligny and the Battle of Wavre during the Waterloo Campaign in 1815.

However, in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, repeated charges by up to 9, 000 French cavalrymen failed to break the line of the British and German infantry, who had formed squares.

British heavy dragoons made devastating charges against French infantry at the Battle of Salamanca in 1812 and at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Alexander Gordon ( 1786 – 1815 ), younger brother of the fourth Earl, was a soldier and was killed at the Battle of Waterloo.

The Battle of Waterloo, where Napoleon was defeated by the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington | Duke of Wellington in 1815

He returned to France on 1 March 1815 ( see Hundred Days ), raised an army, but was comprehensively defeated by a British and Prussian force at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815.

* 1815: Following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo the Treaty of Vienna is signed.

Napoleon's attempted restoration, a period known as the Hundred Days, ended with his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

They later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

* 1815 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Waterloo results in the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher forcing him to abdicate the throne of France for the second and last time.

* 1815 – Battle of Ligny and Battle of Quatre Bras, two days before the Battle of Waterloo.

* 1815 – War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson leads American forces in victory over the British.

* 1815 – Neapolitan War: Joachim Murat, King of Naples is defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Tolentino, the decisive engagement of the war.

Peace was agreed to at the end of 1814, but not before Andrew Jackson, unaware of this, won a great victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 ( news took several weeks to cross the Atlantic before the advent of steam ships ).

The Heroes of Waterloo was so named because, on its opening day, in 1815, soldiers who had just disembarked at Portsmouth, returning from the Battle of Waterloo, decided to stop there and celebrate their victory.

In this interim, the British made one last major invasion, attempting to capture New Orleans, but were decisively defeated with very heavy losses by General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815.

* May 3, 1815 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War.

***** Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ( 1771 – 1815 ), his son, the Black Duke, killed at the Battle of Quatre Bras

Captain Mercer described the use of Congreve rockets on 17 June 1815 during the retreat from Quatre Bras as follows:

He placed I Corps under the command of the Prince of Orange and it was this corps that was first contacted by the advancing French at Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815.

* Hofschroer, Peter, 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras, London: Greenhill Books ( 1998 ) ( ISBN 1-85367-304-8 ).

She is the very famous host of the Duchess of Richmond's ball, happening on 15 June 1815, the night before the Battle of Quatre Bras, 3 days before the Battle of Waterloo.

On June 16, 1815, due to conflicting orders his Corps spent the day on the Nivelles-Namur road marching and counter marching between the battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny without engaging in either battle.

The Battle of Quatre Bras, between Wellington's Anglo-Dutch army and the left wing of the Armée du Nord under Marshal Michel Ney, was fought near the strategic crossroads of Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815.

* Hofschröer, Peter ; 1815, The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras ; Greenhill Books ( London ); ISBN 1-85367-304-8

On June 16, 1815 near the crossroads of Quatre Bras, the Battle of Quatre Bras ( part of the Waterloo Campaign ) was fought between contingents of the Anglo-Allied army and the left wing of the French Army.

* Peter Hofschroer, ‘’ 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras ’’, London: Greenhill Books ( 1998 ) ( ISBN 1-85367-304-8 ).

Promoted to captain in 1815, he fought at Quatre Bras.

Quatre Bras ( 1815 ) saw several examples of this, with several British units being surprised at close range by French cavalry hidden by the terrain.

Returning to the European war with the restoration of Emperor Napoleon I, Evans was present at the battle of Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815 and the battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815.

** On 16 June 1815, at the battle of Quatre Bras, in command of the Left Wing: I Corps, II Corps ( minus the Girard division, present at the battle of Ligny ), III Cavalry Corps ( minus the l ' Héritier division, present at the battle of Ligny ) and Imperial Guard light cavalry division.