At the Southern Commercial Convention of 1854, Pike said the South should remain in the Union and seek equality with the North, but if the South " were forced into an inferior status, she would be better out of the Union than in it.

They contend that the Boers of the South African Republic ( ZAR ) and Orange Free State republics were recognized as a separate people or cultural group under international law by the Sand River Convention ( which created the South African Republic in 1852 ), the Bloemfontein Convention ( which created the Orange Free State Republic in 1854 ), the Pretoria Convention ( which re-established the independence of the South African Republic 1881 ), the London Convention ( which granted the full independence to the South African Republic in 1884 ) and the Vereeniging Peace Treaty, which formally ended the Second Anglo-Boer War on 31 May 1902.

* February 28 – Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence, English classical scholar, South African judge and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge ( b. 1854 )

There they established two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic ( 1852 ; also known as the Transvaal Republic ) and the Orange Free State ( 1854 ).

* Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone ( 1854 – 1930 ), Home Secretary 1905 – 1910 and Governor-General of South Africa 1910 – 1914 ; youngest son of William Ewart Gladstone

* cancellation of the Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty ( a free trade policy whereby products were allowed into United States without taxes or tariffs starting in 1854 ), which was then considered to be beneficial for Canada, in 1865 by the United States, partly as a revenge against Great Britain for unofficial support of the South in the American Civil War

It was named in honor of a U. S. Senator from South Carolina, Andrew Butler ( 1796 – 1857 ), who was one of the authors of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and a strong advocate of Kansas becoming a slave state.

By February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed as the South Kensington Museum.

Over the ensuing centuries, portions of the township were taken to create many new municipalities: Hamilton Township on February 5, 1813 ; Atlantic City on May 1, 1854 ; Absecon on May 1, 1854 ; South Atlantic City ( now Margate City ) on September 7, 1885 ; Pleasantville on January 10, 1889 ; Linwood on February 20, 1889 ; Somers Point on April 24, 1886 ; Longport on March 7, 1898 ; Ventnor City on March 17, 1903 ; and Northfield on March 21, 1905.

Since 1837, ten municipalities have separated from the original Egg Harbor Township, including Atlantic City ( 1854 ), Absecon ( 1872 ), South Atlantic City ( now Margate ) ( 1885 ), Somers Point ( 1886 ), Pleasantville ( 1888 ), Linwood ( 1889 ), Longport ( 1898 ), Brigantine ( 1903 ), Ventnor ( 1903 ) and Northfield ( 1905 ).

The experiments eventually took place at the Harton pit near South Shields in 1854.

In 1854, the Waterhouses returned to England and moved to a newly built house in South Kensington, London, which was near to the newly founded Victoria and Albert Museum.

The Exeter and Crediton Railway ( opened on 12 May 1851 ), and the North Devon Railway ( opened on 1 August 1854 ) were leased to the London and South Western Railway from 1862 / 1863 and then bought out in 1865.

In January 1854, the New South Wales Government proclaimed two new districts: Port Curtis and Leichhardt ( roughly today's Fitzroy Region ), and settlement began in earnest in 1855.

After Gottschalk returned to the United States in 1853, he traveled extensively ; a sojourn in Cuba during 1854 was the beginning of a series of trips to Central and South America.

The surviving station was opened on 1 August 1854 by the North Devon Railway ( later the London and South Western Railway ), although a service had operated from Fremington since 1848 for goods traffic only.

* Lady Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill ( Lower Brook Street, Mayfair, London, 14 November 1854 – South Audley Street, Mayfair, London, 20 June 1923 ), married 11 June 1874 James Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe, by whom she had issue.

* Lady Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill ( Lower Brook Street, Mayfair, London, 14 November 1854 – South Audley Street, Mayfair, London, 20 June 1923 ), married 11 June 1874 James Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe, by whom she had issue.

* St. Matthew's church, Landscove, South Devon ( 1854 )

In the earliest editions, William Gaskell added the footnotes explaining some of the words specific to the Lancashire dialect, and after the fifth edition ( 1854 ), two lectures of his on the subject were added as appendices.

That potential was recognised by the Lancashire firm of John Brogden and Sons who bought the Tondu property in 1854.

* February 1854 the Great Northern Railway ( GNR ) and Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( L & YR ) jointly administered Knottingley station.

The first of those was jointly built and operated by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and Great Northern Railway and the station also became jointly managed by these two companies in 1854.

After a year of difficulties Bahá ' u ' lláh absented himself rather than continue to face the conflict with Mirza Yahya and secretly secluded himself in the mountains of Sulaymaniyah in April 1854 a month before ` Abdu ' l-Bahá's tenth birthday.

Layard's work was continued by his assistant, Hormuzd Rassam and in 1852 – 1854 he went on to discover the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh with many magnificent reliefs, including the famous Royal Lion Hunt scenes.

However, rail links with Paris from 1854 and the growing importance of nearby Biarritz as a tourist centre brought industrialisation and development.

In 1819 Brewster undertook further editorial work by establishing, in conjunction with Robert Jameson ( 1774 – 1854 ), the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, which took the place of the Edinburgh magazine.

By 1854 the British wanted to resume relations with Dost Mohammad, whom they had essentially ignored in the intervening twelve years.

Again in 1854, Bendigo miners responded to an increase in the frequency of twice weekly licence hunts with threats of armed rebellion.

Along with Muir perhaps most influential in the modern movement is Henry David Thoreau who published Walden in 1854.

Witness his monographs on the vowel system in th Teutonic languages ( 1836 ), on the Celtic languages ( 1839 ), on the Old Prussian ( 1853 ) and Albanian languages ( Über das Albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen, Vienna, 1854 ), on the accent in Sanskrit and Greek ( 1854 ), on the relationship of the Malayo-Polynesian with the Indo-European languages ( 1840 ), and on the Caucasian languages ( 1846 ).

Although Chapman was the named editor, it was Evans who did most of the work in running the journal, contributing many essays and reviews, from the January 1852 number until the dissolution of her arrangement with Chapman in the first half of 1854.

The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the Waltham Watch Company, with the development of machine tools, tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches.

It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851 – 1853, promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for " Ineffable God "), which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception:

Stuart graduated from West Point in 1854 and served in Texas and Kansas with the U. S. Army, a veteran of the frontier conflicts with Native Americans and the violence of Bleeding Kansas.

Léo Taxil ( 1854 – 1907 ) claimed that Freemasonry is associated with worshipping Lucifer.

It was defeated in 1854 by Umar Tall, leader of Toucouleur Empire, before his war with Ségou.

The second French school was Symbolism, which literary historians see beginning with the poet Charles Baudelaire ( 1861 – 67 ) ( Les fleurs du mal, 1857 ), and including the later poets, Arthur Rimbaud ( 1854 – 91 ), Paul Verlaine ( 1844 – 96 ), Stéphane Mallarmé ( 1842 – 98 ), and Paul Valéry ( 1871 – 1945 ).

They signed treaties with the US government in 1830 and 1854 to cede their lands in Missouri.

In 1854, the United Kingdom government appointed Robert FitzRoy to the new office of Meteorological Statist to the Board of Trade with the role of gathering weather observations at sea.

* 1854 – Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.

A major advance came with the work of Koelle, who in his 1854 Polyglotta Africana attempted a careful classification, the groupings of which in quite a number of cases correspond to modern groupings.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.