The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War ( 1853 – 1856 ); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy.

* 1856 – William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer ( d. 1937 )

* 1776 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist ( d. 1856 )

* 1856 – George Coulthard, Australian footballer and cricketer ( d. 1883 )

* 1856 – Alfred Deakin, Australian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia ( d. 1919 )

* 1856 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer ( d. 1916 )

* 1856 – Aparicio Saravia, Uruguayan politician and military leader ( d. 1904 )

* 1856 – Diamond Jim Brady, American financier ( d. 1917 )

* 1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist ( d. 1856 )

** Various articles on Alcidamas ( 1856 – 1919, with links to further online material )

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1856 – Carle David Tolmé Runge, German physicist ( d. 1927 )

* 1910 – Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter ( b. 1856 )

* 1925 – John Singer Sargent, American artist ( b. 1856 )

* John Cramp, 1851 – 1853 ( and 1856 – 1869 )

* Edmund Crawley, 1853 – 1856

* John Cramp, 1856 – 1869

* 1856 – William Willett, English builder and daylight saving time advocate ( d. 1915 )

* 1856 – Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaria burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.

* 1856 – The Theta Chi fraternity is founded at Norwich University.

He married firstly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in Constantinople in 1856 to Georgian HH Dürrünev Kadın Efendi ( Batumi, 15 March 1835 – Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 3 December 1892 ), and had three children.

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

* 1856 – Henri Philippe Pétain, French soldier and statesman ( d. 1951 )

* May 23 – Svetozar Borojevic, Austro-Hungarian field marshal ( b. 1856 )

Svetozar Boroević ( or Borojević ) von Bojna ( 13 December 1856 – 23 May 1920 ) was an Austro-Hungarian field marshal who was described as one of the finest defensive strategists of the First World War.

Boroević was born on 13 December 1856 in the village of Umetić, Croatian Military Frontier, Austrian Empire ( present-day Croatia ).

In 1856, he joined the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) as a provisional sea cadet.

Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen ( Friedrich Maria Albrecht Wilhelm Karl ; 4 June 1856 – 30 December 1936 ) was a member of the House of Habsburg and the Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I.

Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli ( February 12, 1856 – December 9, 1941 ) was an Austrian general during World War I who rose to the rank of field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army.

In the 2004-05 season the club changed its name into NK Pula 1856, because the year 1856 was the year that the Austro-Hungarian Empire made Pula the port of its arsenal and the shipyard Uljanik was opened.

* December 9 – Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, Austrian general and German field marshal ( b. 1856 )

On 5 July 1856, the Duke was appointed general commanding-in-chief of the British Army, a post that was retitled field marshal commanding-in-chief on 9 November 1862 and commander-in-chief of the forces by Letters Patent on 20 November 1887.

He was promoted to the rank of general on 15 July 1856 and to the rank of field marshal on 9 November 1862.

The modern field of paleoanthropology began in the 19th century with the discovery of " Neanderthal man " ( the eponymous skeleton was found in 1856, but there had been finds elsewhere since 1830 ), and with evidence of so-called cave men.

Field Marshal Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge, GCB, PC ( 30 March 1785 – 24 September 1856 ) was a British field marshal and Governor-general of India.

In 1856 Berghaus investigated the town name origin of words: repina ( a folk name of maple ), rjepa ( turnip ), or rjepnik ( field of turnip ).

In 1856 Hunt was a member of a three-man board that revised field artillery drill and tactics for the army.

In 1856, having then seen sixty years ' service, he was made a field marshal.

Geometric group theory grew out of combinatorial group theory that largely studied properties of discrete groups via analyzing group presentations, that describe groups as quotients of free groups ; this field was first systematically studied by Walther von Dyck, student of Felix Klein, in the early 1880s, while an early form is found in the 1856 Icosian Calculus of William Rowan Hamilton, where he studied the icosahedral symmetry group via the edge graph of the dodecahedron.

In 1856, he commanded a force in the field against the rebel Sankar Singh.

** Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge ( 1785 – 1856 ), British army field marshal, Governor-General of India

In 1856 Pisemsky, along with several other writers, was commissioned by the Russian Navy ministry to report on the ethnographical and commercial conditions of the Russian interior, his particular field of inquiry being Astrakhan and the region of the Caspian Sea.

He field this position again in 1851, 1855, 1856 and 1857.

His book From the field of natural science (; 1856 ), later republished under the title The people's natural science books (; 1880 ), was frequently reprinted and translated into nearly all the languages of Europe.