The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War ( 1853 – 1856 ); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy.

* 1856 – William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer ( d. 1937 )

* 1776 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist ( d. 1856 )

* 1856 – George Coulthard, Australian footballer and cricketer ( d. 1883 )

* 1856 – Alfred Deakin, Australian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia ( d. 1919 )

* 1856 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer ( d. 1916 )

* 1856 – Aparicio Saravia, Uruguayan politician and military leader ( d. 1904 )

* 1856 – Diamond Jim Brady, American financier ( d. 1917 )

* 1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist ( d. 1856 )

** Various articles on Alcidamas ( 1856 – 1919, with links to further online material )

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1856 – Carle David Tolmé Runge, German physicist ( d. 1927 )

* 1910 – Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter ( b. 1856 )

* 1925 – John Singer Sargent, American artist ( b. 1856 )

* John Cramp, 1851 – 1853 ( and 1856 – 1869 )

* Edmund Crawley, 1853 – 1856

* John Cramp, 1856 – 1869

* 1856 – William Willett, English builder and daylight saving time advocate ( d. 1915 )

* 1856 – Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaria burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.

* 1856 – The Theta Chi fraternity is founded at Norwich University.

He married firstly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in Constantinople in 1856 to Georgian HH Dürrünev Kadın Efendi ( Batumi, 15 March 1835 – Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 3 December 1892 ), and had three children.

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

* 1856 – Henri Philippe Pétain, French soldier and statesman ( d. 1951 )

At the 1856 Republican National Convention, Lincoln placed second in the contest to become the party's candidate for vice president.

In late August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, issued, without consulting Washington, a proclamation of martial law in Missouri.

In the 1856 election, he cast his first presidential vote for the Democratic candidate James Buchanan, saying he was really voting against Fremont, the Republican presidential candidate.

* November 4 – U. S. presidential election, 1856: Democrat James Buchanan defeats former President Millard Fillmore, representing a coalition of " Know-Nothings " and Whigs, and John C. Frémont of the fledgling Republican Party, to become the 15th President of the United States.

Booker Taliaferro Washington ( April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915 ) was an African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to Republican presidents.

A study of 65 predominantly Yankee counties showed that they voted only 40 % for the Whigs in 1848 and 1852, but became 61 – 65 % Republican in presidential elections of 1856 through 1864.

One of the most notable beneficiaries of this wealth was the famed explorer and 1856 Republican presidential candidate, John C. Frémont, for whom the local hospital is named.

Fremont County was named for John Charles Frémont, an explorer of the American West, Senator from California, and 1856 Republican presidential candidate.

This eyewitness account, together with others, were widely published during the presidential election of 1856, which featured John Frémont as the first anti-slavery Republican nominee versus Democrat James Buchanan.

Frémont was the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party in 1856.

Fremont was named after Col. John C. Fremont, who on November 6, 1856 won the Republican candidate for President.

The first paper, the Barry County Pioneer, began publishing in 1851, and a second paper, the Republican Banner, began in 1856.

In 1854, it became Fremont after General John C. Fremont, the first candidate of the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1856.

He was later a United States Senator, was the first Republican nominee for Vice President ( in 1856 ), and Minister to France.

He played a key role in 1856 in bringing forward John C. Frémont as a moderate Republican presidential nominee.

Re-elected in 1856 as a Republican, he resigned his seat in December 1857, and was governor of Massachusetts from 1858 to 1860, during a period of government contraction forced by the depression of those years.

In 1856, he met with other Whig politicians in Sacramento on April 30 to organize the California Republican Party at its first state convention.

He was chosen as a delegate to the Republican Party convention which selected US presidential electors in both 1856 and 1860.

Chase was the first Republican governor of Ohio, serving from 1856 to 1860, where he supported women's rights, public education, and prison reform.

According to former governor Hugh Gregg, the United States Republican Party was born in Exeter on October 12, 1853 at the Squamscott Hotel, but nothing came of the secret meeting of Amos Tuck with other abolitionists that day, and the party was not organized in the state until 1856.

He was involved in the founding of the Republican Party, and made his first important speech on the questions of the day at Wesleyan University in 1856 ; he engaged actively in John C. Fremont's presidential campaign of that year ( the Republican campaign headquarters were located not far from his Staten Island home ), and was soon recognized not only as an effective public speaker, but also as one of the ablest, most high-minded, and most trustworthy leaders of public opinion.

He supported John C. Frémont of the newly established Republican Party in his presidential campaign in 1856, and later followed Abraham Lincoln's 1860 campaign.

In 1856, he led other former Democrats into the new Republican party.