The United States took possession of the island in 1857, claiming it under the Guano Islands Act of 1856.

On the beaches of Normandy in about 1856 / 1857, he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints.

In 1857 an addendum to the 1855 treaty permitted a British military mission to become a presence in Kandahar ( but not Kabul ) during a conflict with the Persians, who had attacked Herat in 1856.

Howland Island was uninhabited when the United States took possession of it in 1857 under the Guano Islands Act of 1856.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

< tr bgcolor ="# FFFFFF ">< td > 3 < td > Henry Parker < td >< td > 3 October 1856 < td > 7 September 1857

< tr >< td > 1 < td > William Champ < td >< td > 1 November 1856 < td > 26 February 1857

Between 1857 and 1861 all stamps originally issued between 1851 to 1856 were reissued with perforations.

In 1856, the first Board of Trustees meeting was held ; articles of Incorporation were adopted ; and classes began January 7, 1857.

When this Act expired in 1856 a Select Committee was appointed by the Lords in 1857 to look into the question.

A French version translated by E. Milien Pacini and called Le trouvère was first performed at La Monnaie in Brussels on 20 May 1856 and at the Paris Opera's Salle Le Peletier on 12 January 1857.

While the earliest extant sketches date from December 1856, it was not until August 1857, however, that Wagner began devoting his attention entirely to the opera, putting aside the composition of Siegfried to do so.

The Moldovan-Russian boundary between 1856 / 1857 and 1878

Garfield was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856 – 1857 academic year and was made Principal of the Institute from 1857 to 1860, successfully restoring it to viability after it had fallen on hard times.

* 1786 – Jacques Philippe Marie Binet, French mathematician ( d. 1856 )

J. Edgar Hoover was born on New Year's Day 1895 in Washington, D. C., to Anna Marie ( née Scheitlin ; 1860 – 1938 ), who was of German Swiss descent, and Dick Naylor Hoover, Sr. ( 1856 – 1921 ), of English and German ancestry.

* 1856 – Jacques Philippe Marie Binet, French mathematician ( b. 1786 )

His mother, Marie Berta Gabrielle ( née Barbin ; 1856 – 1919 ), was French, born in Lure in Lorraine.

The brothers and sisters were Jørgine Caroline ( 1854 – 1879 ), Mathilde Sophie ( born 1856 ), Karen Marie ( 1857 – 1876 ), Jørgen Peter ( born 1859 ) emigrated to Australia, Johan Sophus ( 1861 – 1942 ) emigrated to USA, Christian Albert ( born 1863 ) emigrated to USA, Carl August ( 1865 – 1931 ), Anders Jacob ( born 1867 ) emigrated to USA, Helene Christine Louise ( born 1869 ) emigrated to USA, Valdemar Emil ( 1871 – 1965 ), Julie Christine ( born 1872 ), Anna Dusine ( 8 January to 2 April 1875 ). All the children bore the surname Nielsen despite regulations by the Ministry of Church Affairs.

D ' Agoult's other works include Lettres Républicaines in Esquisses morales et politiques ( 1849, collected articles ), Trois journées de la vie de Marie Stuart ( 1856 ), Florence et Turin ( 1862 ), Histoire des commencements de la république aux Pays-Bas ( 1872 ), " A Catholic Mother Speaks to Her Children " ( 1906, posthumously ) and Mes souvenirs ( 1877, posthumously ).

Gisela Louise Marie, Princess Imperial and Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Hungary and Bohemia, Princess of Bavaria ( 12 July 1856 – 27 July 1932 ) was the second daughter and eldest surviving child of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth.

In the 19th century two separate German versions were retold to Jacob Grimm and his younger brother Wilhelm Grimm, known as the Brothers Grimm, the first by Jeanette Hassenpflug ( 1791 – 1860 ) and the second by Marie Hassenpflug ( 1788 – 1856 ).

The station is named after the Rue Pernety, named after the Joseph Marie de Pernety ( 1766 – 1856 ), who was one of Napoleon's generals and owned the land where the street was built.

* Marie Adélaïde Charlotte de Narbonne-Lara ( Belleville, 11 May 1790-Champgrenon, 31 May 1856 ), who married at Agen on 7 March 1808 Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau ( Mâcon, 9 November 1781-Château de Rambuteau, 11 April 1869 ), and had two daughters

He was born on June 26, 1891 in Háj near Opava in Austrian Silesia ( today the Czech Republic ), of an old non-Catholic nobility family ; his parents were Václav Vojtěch Vančura, born 1856 in Čáslav, Evangelical, Director of sugar refinery in Háj and Marie Svobodová, Catholic, born 1863 in Kluky near Čáslav.

Louis Félix Marie François Franchet d ' Espèrey (; ( 25 May 1856 – 8 July 1942 ) was a French general during World War I.

Merecourt, Confessions de Marie Delorme, Paris, 1856 ).

* Gisela Louise Marie von Österreich, ( 15 July 1856, in Laxenburg-27 July 1932, in Munich ), Archduchess of Austria-Hungary, daughter of Kaiser Franz Josef I and Kaiserin Elisabeth.

Jacques Philippe Marie Binet ( February 2, 1786 – May 12, 1856 ) was a French mathematician, physicist and astronomer born in Rennes ; he died in Paris, France, in 1856.

He returned to the provinces, but by 1856 was engaged in London at the Lyceum Theatre, including as Hilarion Fanfaronade in Belphegor, in which Marie Wilton made her first London appearance.

He, then, married Marie Perregaux and the Girard-Perregaux Manufacture was born in 1856.

Óleo sobre lienzo, 163 x 80 cm ). jpg | Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, The Source, 1856

Napoléon, Prince Imperial, ( Full name: Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph, 16 March 1856 – 1 June 1879 ), Prince Imperial, Fils de France, was the only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France and his Empress consort Eugénie de Montijo.

* Jean Moréas ( 1856 – 1910 ) Greek

Later on, Miss Jean Home, who was to inherit the house and the paintings, hired or employed the Master of the Kings Works, architect Robert Reid ( 1776 – 1856 ), to build what is now the East Wing of Paxton House to accommodate a library and a gallery.

Jean Moréas (; born Ioannis A. Papadiamantopoulos, Ιωάννης Α. Παπαδιαμαντόπουλος ; April 15, 1856 – April 30, 1910 ), was a Greek poet, essayist, and art critic, who wrote mostly in the French language but also in Greek during his youth.

Born at Saltcoats, Ayrshire, he was the second son of Captain Alexander Allan and his wife Jean Crawford ( 1782 – 1856 ).

Church Cathedral of La Serena ( Historical Monument from 1981 ) Construction initiated by the French architect Jean Herbage, the year 1844, and dedicated in 1856.

He was one of the " big five " of the Paris School of Dermatology, along with Ernest Henri Besnier ( 1831 – 1909 ), Louis-Anne-Jean Brocq ( 1856 – 1928 ), Raymond Sabouraud ( 1864 – 1938 ) and Jean Alfred Fournier ( 1832 – 1915 ).

Other important names in its historical development were Jean Zuléma Amussat ( 1796 – 1856 ), Auguste Nélaton ( 1807 – 1873 ), Henry Thompson ( 1820 – 1904 ) and William Cheselden ( 1688 – 1752 ).

" It was developed in New Orleans in 1856 by Dr. Jean Alexander Le Mat, whose manufacturing effort was backed by P. G. T.

The company purchased the 1856 Château Saint Jean, formerly Ettore Bugatti's guest house in Dorlisheim, near Molsheim, and began refurbishing it to serve as the company's headquarters.

* Jean Isaac Effront ( 1856 – 1931 ), inventor

Jean Zuléma Amussat ( 21 November 1796 – 13 May 1856 ) was a French surgeon.

Sir Charles Santley ( born 1834 ), Gustav Walter ( born 1834 ), Adelina Patti ( born 1843 ), Marianne Brandt ( born 1842 ), Lilli Lehmann ( born 1848 ), Jean Lassalle ( born 1847 ), Victor Maurel ( born 1848 ), Marcella Sembrich ( born 1858 ), Lillian Nordica ( born 1857 ), Emma Calvé ( born 1858 ), Nellie Melba ( born 1861 ), Francesco Tamagno ( born 1850 ), Francesco Marconi ( born 1853 ), Léon Escalais ( born 1859 ), Mattia Battistini ( born 1856 ), Mario Ancona ( born 1860 ), Pol Plançon ( born 1851 ), and Antonio Magini-Coletti and Francesco Navarini ( both born 1855 ).