Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 – 1881 ), a lawyer from Rochester, New York, became an advocate for and ethnological scholar of the Iroquois.

* Albert Austin ( 1881 – 1953 ), British / American actor

* 1881 – Karl Staaf, Swedish athlete ( d. 1953 )

* 1881 – Leo Carrillo, American actor ( d. 1961 )

* 1881 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish scientist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1955 )

* 1881 – Louella Parsons, American columnist ( d. 1972 )

In Australia, the grounds currently used are The Gabba in Brisbane ( first staged an England – Australia Test in the 1932 – 33 season ), Adelaide Oval ( 1884 – 85 ), The WACA, Perth ( 1970 – 71 ) the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) ( 1876 – 77 ) and the Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) ( 1881 – 82 ).

Julius's wife, Alan's mother, was Ethel Sara ( née Stoney ; 1881 – 1976 ), daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways.

* 1881 – Otto Toeplitz, German mathematician ( d. 1940 )

* Haliotis pourtalesii Dall, 1881 – the Pourtale ’ s abalone

* 1881 – Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal ( d. 1954 )

* 1881 – In Dodge City, Kansas, Bat Masterson fights his last gun battle.

* 1881 – Francis Ford, American actor ( d. 1953 )

* 1881 – Edward Siegler, American gymnast ( d. 1942 )

* 1881 – Alfred Wagenknecht, German-American activist ( d. 1956 )

* 1881 – Cecil B. DeMille, American director ( d. 1959 )

* 1881 – George Enescu, Romanian composer ( d. 1955 )

Aga Khan I (; or, less commonly but more correctly (; ), was the title accorded to Hasan Ali Shah (; ; 1804 in Kohak, Iran – 1881 in Bombay, India ), the governor of Kirman, 46th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, and prominent Muslim leader in Iran and later in the Indian Subcontinent.

* Alexander II of Russia ( 1818 – 1881 ), emperor of Russia

* Alexander II of Russia ( 1818 – 1881 ), Emperor of Russia

In 1881, a religious leader named Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi (" guided one ") and began a war to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan.

Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah ( Arabic: محمد أحمد المهدي ) ( August 12, 1845 – June 22, 1885 ) was a religious leader of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who, on June 29, 1881, proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith.

From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the fall of Khartoum in January 1885, Muhammad Ahmad led a successful military campaign against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan ( known as the Turkiyah ).

Although the Mahdist revolution started in June 1881 in Northern Sudan and was backed by western Sudan but it found a great support from the Nuer, Shilluk and Anuak tribes from southern Sudan in addition to the tribes of Bahr Alghazal, a thing which affirmed that the Mahdist revolution was a national revolution and not a regional one.

In 1881, Muhammad Ahmad Abdullah, a Muslim religious leader, proclaimed himself the Mahdi (" expected one ") and began a holy war to unify the tribes of Western and Central Sudan, including Equatoria.

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Arab countries fell under European domination in rapid succession: Algeria in 1830, Tunisia in 1881, Egypt in 1882, the Sudan in 1898, Morocco in 1907-12, Libya in 1911, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria in 1918.

Romolo Gessi ( 30 April 1831 – 1 May 1881 ), also called Gessi Pasha, was an Italian soldier and an explorer of north-east Africa, especially Sudan and the Nile River.

In 1881, Sudan was controlled by Egypt ; Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself Mahdi and began conquering neighboring territory and thus threatening the precarious Egyptian control of the territory.

* September 1 – Muhammad VII al-Munsif, ruler of Tunisia 1942 – 43 ( b. 1881 )

When Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself al-Mahdi al-Muntazar or ' the Expected Saviour ' in 1881 Mohammed al-Mahdi decided to have nothing to do with him.

On 29 June 1881, Muhammad Ahmad publicly announced his claim to be the Mahdi so as to prepare the way for the second coming of the Prophet Isa ( Jesus ).

The revolt of Muhammad Ahmad that began in 1881 had cut Equatoria off from the outside world by 1883, and the following year Karam Allah marched south to capture Equatoria and Emin.

In 1881, at the beginning of the Mahdist Revolt, the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad appointed Abdallahi ibn Muhammad as one of his four caliphs ( Khalifa ) and handed him a black flag.

Muhammad III as-Sadiq, GCB ( 1813 – 1882 ) (, ) was the ruler of Tunisia from 23 September 1859 to 28 October 1881, when he abdicated.

Muhammad VII al-Munsif ( 4 March 1881 – 1 September 1948 ) (, ) was the ruler of Tunisia between 19 June 1942 and 14 May 1943.

* Tuan Long Puteh Bin Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad ( Phraya Pattani II ) ( 1856 – 1881 )

Born in Kuala Terengganu, he was the fifth, but third surviving, son of Sultan Zainal Abidin III ibni Almarhum Sultan Ahmad II ( reigned 1881 – 1918 ).

This was followed by " The New Italy and The Old Zealots " ( La Nuova Italia ed i Vecchi Zelanti, published in 1881 ), another attack on the Vatican policy ; and by his " Royal Vatican " ( Vaticano Regio, published in 1883 ), in which he accuses the Vatican of selling sacred objects and declares that secularism came from the false principles accepted by the Curia.

Severn was one of seven children ; two of his brothers, Thomas ( 1801 – 1881 ) and Charles ( 1806 – 1894 ), became professional musicians, and Severn himself was an adroit pianist.

In 1881 he urged Ōkuma Shigenobu to resign, leaving himself in unchallenged control.

) In the realm of song, Claude Debussy set both Verlaine's " Pantomime " and Banville's " Pierrot " ( 1842 ) to music in 1881 ( not published until 1926 )— the only precedents among works by major composers being the " Pierrot " section of Telemann's Burlesque Overture ( 1717 – 22 ), Mozart's 1783 " Masquerade " ( in which Mozart himself took the role of Harlequin and his brother-in-law, Joseph Lange, that of Pierrot ), and the " Pierrot " section of Robert Schumann's Carnival ( 1835 ).

During his last period in office, in 1881, William Ewart Gladstone claimed residence in numbers 10, 11 and 12 for himself and his family.

Having started as a tanner and merchant at Le Havre, he acquired considerable wealth, was elected to the National Assembly on 21 August 1881, and took his seat as a member of the Left, interesting himself chiefly in matters concerning economics, railways and the navy.

He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages, of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges ( History of the First Crusade ) ( Düsseldorf, 1841 ; new ed., Leipzig, 1881 ), a work which, besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke, was also of some significance as a protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages.

In 1881 he inaugurated the Dante Society, whose first presidents were Longfellow, Lowell and Norton himself.

In the 1881 comic opera Patience, the popular poetaster and fraud Bunthorne's means of publicizing himself is to walk down Piccadilly with a poppy or a lily in his medieval hand.

Harrison found himself in conflict with Congreve as to details, and eventually led the Positivists who split off and founded Newton Hall in 1881, and he was president of the English Positivist Committee from 1880 to 1905 ; he was also editor and part author of the Positivist New Calendar of great Men ( 1892 ), and wrote much on Comte and Positivism.

In 1881 he moved to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan ( then part of the Northwest Territories ), where he soon began to sympathize with the Métis and their struggle against the Canadian government, though he was not a Métis himself.

Educated at the Lycée Condorcet, Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Ecole des Sciences Politiques, he had a brilliant career as a scholar, and was called to the Parisian bar, where he practised from 1881 to 1886, but eventually devoted himself to the study of numismatics.

He resigned from the army in 1881 to devote himself entirely to scientific research.

In order to distinguish himself from the famous Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix, he changed his name in 1881, shortening and Anglicizing his birth name to " Henri Cross " – the French word croix means cross.

Although the origins of The Devil's Dictionary are normally placed in 1881 ( the point at which Bierce himself said it began ) the idea started in August 1869 when Bierce, short of topics to write about and having recently bought a new copy of Webster's Unabridged dictionary, suggested the possibility of writing a < nowiki >" Comic Dictionary "</ nowiki >.

Robert Mallet FRS ( 3 June 1810 – 5 November 1881 ), Irish geophysicist, civil engineer, and inventor who distinguished himself in research on earthquakes and is sometimes called the father of seismology.

Paderewski decided to devote himself to music, and in 1881 he went to Berlin to study music composition with Friedrich Kiel and Heinrich Urban.

Born in Patrick County, Virginia, Reynolds went to work for his brother in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 1881 as he worked himself through Trinity College in Durham ( later Duke University ).

In 1860 part I was translated into English by Robert Main, the Radcliffe observer at Oxford ; Bronnow himself published an English version in 1865 ; it reached in the original a fifth edition in 1881, and was also translated into French, Russian, Italian and Spanish.

After the failure of an attempt to form a cabinet in May 1881 he practically retired from public life, devoting himself to his studies and his linen factory.

The origin of this thought is dated by Nietzsche himself, via posthumous fragments, to August 1881, at Sils-Maria.